Need To Define In Medical Context General Terms Used For Adjudicating Medical Negligence

By Sgkabra Views: 16494

Several terms are used as legal principle or legal propositions for adjudicating negligence. They are used as their dictionary meaning. When used in specific medical negligence, they need to be redefined in medical context. They have to be objective and concrete in medical terms. I have attempted to define the legal terms in medical context, concrete nature of the context is cited as evidence. I sought help of AI to evaluating the medical definition of the term in the context cited and rephrase them.

They need to be validated and approved by the National Medical Commission:

Duty
- Dictionary/Legal: A moral or legal obligation; a responsibility.
- Medical: A licensed medical professional who gives out publicly that he/she is available for treatment, is legally obliged to provide medical care and treat the patient when approached.
- Medical evidence: Patient record that he has been prescribed a treatment.
- AI: Duty Medical: A licensed medical professional who publicly declares availability for treatment is legally obligated to provide appropriate medical care and treatment to a patient when approached. Medical Evidence: Documentation in the patient's record indicating that treatment has been prescribed.
Care
- Dictionary/Legal: The provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something.
- Medical: To cater to fulfill patients medical needs – diagnostic and therapeutic.
- Medical evidence: Patient's record that prescribed treatment has been given to the patient.
- AI: Care (Medical): The act of addressing and fulfilling a patient's medical needs, including diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, in a timely and appropriate manner. Medical Evidence: Records confirming that the prescribed treatment has been administered to the patient.
Competence
- Dictionary/Legal: The ability to do something successfully or efficiently.
- Medical: Possession of knowledge and skill for the prescribed treatment or intervention.
- Medical Evidence: Possession of approved and registered (with Medical Council) degree of MBBS and postgraduate qualifications. By granting license to practice, the MCI certifies that the person possesses required knowledge and skill to practice the professed profession.
- AI: Competence (Medical): The possession of requisite knowledge, skills, and qualifications necessary to perform the prescribed medical treatment or intervention effectively and safely. Medical Evidence: Valid and registered degrees (e.g., MBBS, postgraduate qualifications) approved by the Medical Council of India (MCI). The granting of a license to practice by the MCI serves as certification of the individual's competence in the medical profession.
Caution
- Dictionary/Legal: Care taken to avoid danger or mistakes.
- Medical: To anticipate known complications of the intervention, as detailed in textbooks, and to take prescribed steps to prevent them, and to be prepared to deal with them should they occur.
- Evidence: Documented consent.
- AI: Caution (Medical): The proactive anticipation of known complications associated with a medical intervention, as outlined in standard medical texts. This includes taking prescribed preventive measures and being adequately prepared to manage complications if they arise. Medical Evidence: Documented informed consent, which includes acknowledgment of potential risks and complications.
Negligence
- Dictionary/Legal: Failure to take proper care in doing something, often resulting in damage or injury.
- Medical: Failure to follow prescribed medical norms for the specific intervention.
- Evidence: Norms, the detailed protocol in the textbook for the specific intervention.
- AI: Negligence (Medical): The failure to adhere to established medical norms and protocols specific to a given intervention, resulting in substandard care. Medical Evidence: Reference to the detailed protocol or guidelines in recognized medical textbooks for the specific intervention.
Gross
- Dictionary/Legal: Conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible.
- Medical: The only medical context where the term 'gross' has been used is to describe the step to visually examine the operated specimen and to take samples therefrom for detailed microscopic histopathology. Medical negligence is actionable when it causes unintended damage; the grossness of the damage caused is not considered, and the grossness of intent is indefinable under moral and ethical overtones. If the damage was intentional, it is an offense by itself, not medical negligence. No medical treatment could be to intentionally kill a patient except euthanasia.
- Evidence (Objective): Not defined objectively in medical terms.
- AI: Gross (Medical): In medical practice, the term "gross" is primarily used to describe the macroscopic examination of specimens, such as during histopathological analysis. In the context of medical negligence, "gross" does not objectively define the severity of damage caused, as negligence is actionable based on unintended harm rather than intent. Intentional harm constitutes a separate offense and is not classified as medical negligence. Medical Evidence: The term lacks an objective definition in medical negligence and is not typically used to describe the severity of negligence in medical terms.
Culpable
- Dictionary/Legal: Deserving blame or censure; blameworthy.
- Medical: Failure to follow case-specific, context-specific, and situation-specific available norms.
- Evidence (Objective): Textbook protocol for the specific situation.
- AI: Culpable (Medical): The failure to adhere to case-specific, context-specific, and situation-specific established norms of medical practice, resulting in harm or substandard care. Medical Evidence: Reference to the detailed protocol outlined in recognized medical textbooks for the specific situation.
Reckless
- Dictionary/Legal: Without thinking or caring about the consequences of an action.
- Medical: Indifference to obvious or foreseeable adverse consequences.
- Evidence (Objective): Adherence or overlooking the steps of intervention protocol.
- AI: Reckless (Medical): A disregard for obvious or foreseeable adverse consequences, characterized by indifference to established intervention protocols. Medical Evidence: Documentation showing adherence to or deviation from the prescribed steps of the intervention protocol.
Good faith
- Dictionary/Legal: Honest intent to act without taking an unfair advantage over another party.
- Medical: Natural course of treatment, no evidence of malafide.
- Evidence (Objective): Chronological patient's treatment record.
- AI: Good Faith (Medical): The honest and ethical intent to provide treatment in accordance with the natural course of medical care, with no evidence of malafide actions or intent. Medical Evidence: Chronological records of the patient's treatment, demonstrating transparency and adherence to ethical practices.
Blameworthy
- Dictionary/Legal: Deserving disapproval or criticism; responsible for wrongdoing.
- Blameworthy (Medical): Deserving disapproval for unethical conduct by the regulating Medical Council.
- Evidence (Objective): MCI Act.
- AI: Blameworthy (Medical): Conduct deserving disapproval due to unethical behavior or violations of professional standards as determined by the regulating Medical Council. Medical Evidence: Reference to the Medical Council of India (MCI) Act and its provisions for ethical medical practice.
Consent
- Dictionary/Legal: Permission for something to happen or agreement to do something.
- Medical: Assent, verbal or written of the patient for performing a particular procedure on the patient.
- Evidence (Objective): Record that the patient was told about the proposed procedure to be performed, the purpose of the procedure, and the related procedural details. Voluntary assent, i.e., without coercion, threat, or inducement, is all that is needed for a valid medical consent. General consent to provide treatment to fulfill his medical needs was inherent in the legal duty owed to the patient when the patient approached the licensed medical practitioner. Informed consent is a legal consent, a binding contract with stated covenants between the service vendor and the paying client.
- AI: Consent (Medical): The patient's verbal or written agreement to undergo a specific medical procedure, provided after being informed about the procedure, its purpose, and related details. Valid medical consent requires voluntary assent, free from coercion, threats, or inducements. General consent to provide treatment is inherent in the legal duty owed by the licensed medical practitioner when approached by the patient. Informed consent constitutes a legal agreement, binding the service provider and the patient in a contract with stated covenants. Medical Evidence: Documentation confirming that the patient was informed about the procedure, its purpose, and relevant details, and that their assent was voluntary.
Benefit
- Dictionary/Legal: An advantage or profit gained from something.
- Medical: For the benefit, the means the specific needs of the specific patient. Advantage or profit is not the consideration. All intervention and invasive procedures cause harm, the gain is indirect and by default.
- Objective Evidence: Patient document that all the consented procedures were performed on the patient.
- AI: Benefit (Medical): The fulfillment of the specific medical needs of the patient, where the focus is on addressing the patient's health requirements rather than deriving advantage or profit. While all medical interventions and invasive procedures may cause harm, the benefit is indirect and achieved by default through the intended therapeutic outcome. Medical Evidence: Patient records indicating that all consented procedures were performed as agreed.
Knowledge
- Dictionary/Legal: Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.
- Medical: Factual information about the practice of medicine imparted to and acquired during the MBBS and Post Graduate courses and training, as prescribed in the curriculum and text books.
- Evidence (objective): Awarded MBBS and Postgraduate degrees and diplomas
- AI: Knowledge (Medical): The factual and theoretical understanding of medical science, acquired through structured education and training during MBBS and postgraduate courses, as outlined in the prescribed curriculum and textbooks. Medical Evidence: Awarded MBBS and postgraduate degrees or diplomas, which certify the acquisition of requisite knowledge.
Skill
- Dictionary/Legal: The ability to do something well; expertise.
- Medical: Manual and mental refinement acquired by the experience of real time practice on patients. Basic skills are provided during the training.
- Evidence (Objective): Physicians work record of treating patients.
- AI: Skill (Medical): The ability to perform medical procedures effectively, developed through hands-on experience and real-time practice on patients. Basic skills are imparted during formal training, while refinement occurs through continued professional practice. Medical Evidence: Documentation of the physician's work record, demonstrating consistent application of skills in treating patients.
Accountable
- Dictionary/Legal: Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible.
- Medical: The procedure consented to was medically indicated and duly performed.
- Evidence (objective): Protocol details of the procedure in the Text Book
- AI: Accountable Medical: The procedure performed was medically indicated and consented to, adhering to established protocols. Objective Evidence: Protocol details of the procedure as outlined in authoritative medical textbooks.
Liable
- Dictionary/legal: Legally responsible for something.
- Medical: Legal consequences that flow from a proved offence.
- Evidence (objective): Relevant offences of medical negligence in IPC or BNS read with exemption clauses.
- AI: Liable Medical: Legal consequences arising from a proven act of medical negligence. Objective Evidence: Relevant provisions in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), including exemption clauses.
Vicarious liability
- Dictionary/legal: A legal concept where one party is held responsible for the actions or omissions of another, typically in an employer-employee relationship.
- Medical: Liability of unit head, executive head of the hospital and through him the hospital, for the acts of its employees, subordinates and agents (independent consultants).
- Evidence (objective): Administrative or controlling hierarchy. Organogram.
- AI: Vicarious liability Medical: The liability of the unit head, executive head of the hospital, or the hospital itself for the actions of its employees, subordinates, or agents (including independent consultants). Objective Evidence: Administrative or controlling hierarchy, as depicted in the organogram.
Immunity
- Dictionary/legal: Protection or exemption from something, especially an obligation or penalty.
- Medical: Exemption from liability for an act of medical negligence.
- Evidence (objective): Exemption clauses in the IPC or BNS
- AI: Immunity Medical: Exemption from liability for acts of medical negligence under specific legal provisions. Objective Evidence: Exemption clauses in the IPC or BNS.
Legal principle
- Dictionary/legal: A foundational rule or concept that forms the basis of a legal system or decision.
- Medical: Standard or norm applied to assess wrongdoing in a medical negligence case.
- Evidence (objective): None as the terms and phrases used for assessing medical negligence are not defined for specific medical context or situation.
- AI: Legal principle Medical: A standard or norm applied to assess wrongdoing in cases of medical negligence. Objective Evidence: None explicitly defined for specific medical contexts or situations.
Legal fiction
- Dictionary/legal: An assumption or supposition of fact made by a court as a basis for resolving a legal issue, even if the fact is not true.
- Medical: Null Hypothesis applied to a medical negligence case.
- Evidence (objective): Validity of outcome in a specific medical management of a case.
- AI: Legal fiction Medical: The application of a null hypothesis in the context of a medical negligence case. Objective Evidence: Validity of outcomes in specific medical management scenarios.
Precedence
- Dictionary/legal: The condition of being considered more important than someone or something else; priority in rank or order.
- Precedence (legal): Precedent is a judicial decision that serves as an authority for courts when deciding subsequent identical or similar cases.
- Medical: Antecedent cases of the specific medical entity e.g hysterectomy, under dispute, in earlier judicial decisions, or medical practitioners' professional records.
- Evidence (objective): Medical records of the hospital or the surgeons/physicians personal log book.
- AI: Precedence Medical Definition: Historical cases of a specific medical condition, such as hysterectomy, referenced in previous legal judgments or the professional records of medical practitioners. Evidence: Documented hospital medical records or the personal logbook of the surgeon/physician involved.
Offence
- Dictionary/legal: A breach of a law or rule; an illegal act. Defined as an act or omission that is prohibited by law and for which a penalty is prescribed.
- Offence (medical): Breach of duty to care owed to the patient i.e. to provide proper treatment to cater to the medical needs of the patient.
- Evidence (objective): The patient's chronological medical record.
- AI: Offence Medical Definition: A failure in the duty of care owed to a patient, encompassing the obligation to deliver appropriate medical treatment tailored to the patient's needs. Evidence: Chronological records of the patient's medical history.
Qualification
- Dictionary/legal: A quality, accomplishment, or ability that makes a person suitable for a particular job or activity.
- Medical: Basic MBBS degree and post graduate specialty degrees and diplomas awarded by MCI recognized training institution.
- Evidence (objective): Possession of original degree certificate duly registered with medical council.
- AI: Qualification Medical Definition: A foundational MBBS degree alongside postgraduate specialty qualifications or diplomas awarded by institutions recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI). Evidence: Possession of an original degree certificate, duly registered with the relevant medical council.
License
- Dictionary/Legal: A permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade.
- Medical: A registration certificate of state medical council.
- Evidence (Objective): Possession of registration certificate and registration number.
- AI: License Medical Definition: A formal registration certificate issued by the state medical council, granting the holder permission to practice medicine. Evidence: Verification of the registration certificate and registration number.
Contract of service
- Dictionary/Legal: An agreement between an employer and an employee, where the employee works under the control and supervision of the employer.
- Medical: Nature of contract between medical service vendor and the paying patient client who dictates desired services and controls them.
- Evidence (Objective): Mandatory written Informed consents of every act of medical, intervention with necessary covenants.
- AI: Contract of service Medical Definition: A contractual agreement outlining the terms between a medical service provider and the patient (the paying client), where the client specifies and controls the desired medical services. Evidence: Written informed consents for each medical procedure or intervention, accompanied by necessary contractual clauses.
Contract for service
- Dictionary/Legal: An agreement where an individual or entity provides services to another party as an independent contractor, without forming an employer-employee relationship.
- Medical: Medical service provided to a patient under fiduciary relationship based on mutual good faith and professional autonomy.
- Evidence (objective): Patient record of nature of consents and the working relationship between the patient and his chosen physician, or between paying client and the service provider.
- AI: Contract for service Medical Definition: Medical care delivered to a patient within a fiduciary framework based on mutual trust, respect, and the healthcare professional's autonomy. Evidence: Records detailing the consents obtained and the professional relationship dynamics between the patient and physician or between the client and service provider.
Fee for service contract
- Dictionary/Legal: A contract where payment is made for each service provided, rather than a fixed salary or wage.
- Medical: Engagement of independent medical consultant on fee-for-service contract where the consultant gets his pre-decided fee for every medical service he/she renders to a hospital patient. The independent consultant is not paid salary as an employee.
- Evidence (objective): The consultant's appointment letter and his credentialing and privileging.
- AI: Fee-for-Service Contract Medical: A model where an independent medical consultant is engaged under a fee-for-service arrangement. The consultant receives a predetermined fee for each medical service rendered to hospital patients, rather than being paid a fixed salary as an employee. Objective Evidence: The consultant's appointment letter, along with documentation of credentialing and privileging.
Package contract
- Dictionary/Legal: A contract that includes a bundle of services or goods offered together for a single price.
- Medical: An engagement model of medical consultant where he gets fixed package of money for all the services provided by him to the hospital patients. All the charges collected against fee for the consultant goes to the hospital.
- Evidence (objective): The consultant's appointment letter and his credentialing and privileging.
- AI: Package Contract Medical: A consulting engagement model where the medical consultant is paid a fixed package amount for providing all services to hospital patients. Any charges collected for the consultant's services are retained by the hospital. Objective Evidence: The consultant's appointment letter, as well as records of credentialing and privileging.
Package cum incentive contract
- Dictionary/Legal: A contract that combines a package deal with additional incentives based on performance or results.
- Medical: Consultants performance is evaluated against his recorded earning, if his earning is more than his package, a percentage of excess is paid to him as an incentive.
- Evidence (objective): The consultant's appointment letter and his credentialing and privileging.
- AI: Package-Cum-Incentive Contract Medical: In this arrangement, a consultant's performance is assessed based on their earnings. If their earnings exceed the fixed package amount, they receive a percentage of the excess as an incentive. Objective Evidence: Includes the consultant's appointment letter and related credentialing and privileging records.
Peer review
- Dictionary/Legal: The evaluation of work or performance by others in the same field to ensure quality and standards.
- Medical: A retrospective review of a medical case of a particular consultant, by a body of other consultants of the hospital, to scrutinize the norms applicable and available were followed or not.
- Evidence (objective): A medical audit norm to be followed per NABH provision, and reports preserved for future inspection. A peer review of a disputed case is ordered by the executive head of the hospital. Review record.
- AI: Peer Review Medical: A retrospective evaluation of a specific medical case handled by a consultant. Conducted by a panel of hospital consultants, the review checks whether the applicable norms and guidelines were adhered to. Objective Evidence: Compliance with NABH medical audit norms, preservation of review reports for future inspection, and formal authorization for review by the hospital's executive head.
Mortality meet:
- Dictionary/Legal: A meeting held to discuss and analyze cases of death, often in a medical or healthcare setting, to improve practices and outcomes.
- Medical: A process of mortality audit where all medical professionals of the hospital assemble periodically to review all deaths in the hospital in the period. It is a self-learning exercise from the occurring mistakes, to detect deficiencies and not to penalize a professional.
- Evidence (objective): Hospital policy document for NABH standards.
- AI: Mortality Meet: Medical Context: A periodic review where hospital medical staff convene to analyze deaths occurring in a given timeframe. It serves as a learning opportunity to identify errors and address shortcomings in care, with a focus on improvement rather than blame. Evidence (Objective): Documentation of hospital policy adhering to NABH standards.
Mortality audit:
- Legal: A systematic review of deaths to identify patterns, causes, and areas for improvement in healthcare or other systems.
- Medical: An annual statistical analysis of all mortality cases in the hospital of mortality incidence, pattern, case fatality ratio, etc., presented to consultants for policy decisions for systemic failures.
- Evidence (objective): Annual mortality statistics.
- AI: Mortality Audit: Medical Context: A yearly review and statistical analysis of mortality cases within a hospital, including factors like incidence, patterns, and case fatality rates. Insights from this audit are shared with consultants to guide policy decisions and address systemic challenges. Evidence (Objective): Annual mortality statistics.
Ordinary prudence:
- Legal: The level of care and caution that an average person would exercise in a given situation.
- Medical: A trained and licensed medical graduate providing treatment in a specific disease episode on the basis of his honest clinical decisions.
- Evidence (objective): Record of a medical practitioner who has provided treatment for the same specific disease episode in a similar situation.
- AI: Ordinary Prudence: Medical Context: The standard of care provided by a licensed medical graduate, making honest clinical decisions while managing a specific disease scenario. Evidence (Objective): Records showing similar treatments by other medical practitioners for analogous cases.
Expert:
- Legal: A person with a high level of knowledge or skill in a particular area.
- Medical: A duly trained, qualified, and licensed medical practitioner practicing in the specific field of medicine for which he is licensed to profess and practice. Legally, as per the definition, a qualified and licensed medical graduate is an expert. A specialist is a discipline-specific expert. A disease-specific expert is one who has a vast experience of treating a specific disease condition.
- Evidence (objective): A medical professional's registered qualification and his practice experience of treating a group of diseases or a specific disease.
- AI: Expert: Medical Context: A licensed, trained, and qualified medical practitioner with extensive experience in a specific field or disease area. This includes general medical graduates, discipline-specific specialists, and disease-specific experts with significant hands-on experience. Evidence (Objective): Official documentation of a medical professional's qualifications and record of treating specific conditions or groups of diseases.
Expert opinion:
- Dictionary/Legal: The judgment or advice provided by someone recognized as an authority in a specific field.
- Medical: An expert opinion is a judgment or advice offered by someone with specialized knowledge, skills, or experience in a particular field. Medical: A considered and concluding – judgmental – remark by a senior specialist, to answer the specific point – issue – raised by the court, based on careful scrutiny of the patient record, and citing the basis of the record.
- Evidence objective: Court record.
- AI: Expert Opinion Rephrased Definition: A definitive and informed judgment provided by a senior specialist, addressing a specific issue raised by the court. This opinion is based on a meticulous review of patient records and supported by documented evidence. Evidence Objective: Court records.
Expert testimony:
- Dictionary/legal: Expert testimony refers to the formal presentation of opinions or insights by an individual with specialized knowledge, skills, or training in a particular field within a legal context. This testimony is given under oath and helps the court understand complex information or evaluate material facts.
- Medical: Submissions, oral or written, made under oath, in a court of law, by an expert, who has established himself as a subject or case expert, based on critical analysis of patient record and documentary evidence, and subjected to cross-examination.
- Evidence objective: Court record.
- AI: Expert Testimony Rephrased Definition: A formal statement, either oral or written, presented under oath in a court of law by an expert recognized for their specialized knowledge. This testimony is grounded in a thorough analysis of patient records and documentary evidence and is subject to cross-examination. Evidence Objective: Court records.
Summary trial:
- Dictionary/legal: Summary trial is a simplified and expedited form of trial used for minor offenses or disputes, designed to resolve cases quickly by dispensing with unnecessary formalities and reducing the burden on the judiciary.
- Medical: Trial procedure followed by Consumer Forum, where affidavit-supported simple written complaints are required to be answered by the opposite party in a similar manner, for the court to decide upon.
- Evidence objective: Trial procedure under the Consumer Protection Act.
- AI: Summary Trial Rephrased Definition: A streamlined legal procedure, as practiced in Consumer Forums, where a simple written complaint supported by an affidavit is addressed by the opposing party in a similar manner. The court then delivers its decision based on these submissions. Evidence Objective: Trial procedures under the Consumer Protection Act.
Norms:
- Dictionary/legal: An accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with.
- Medical: Textbook detailed protocol for the specific medical or surgical intervention.
- Evidence objective: Medical Textbook Diagnostic norms.
- AI: Norms Rephrased Definition: Detailed protocols outlined in medical textbooks that serve as standardized guidelines for specific medical or surgical interventions. Evidence Objective: Medical textbooks.
Diagnostic norms:
- Dictionary/legal: "Diagnostic criteria" or "diagnostic norms" refer to the established standards and guidelines used to identify and classify specific diseases or conditions.
- Medical: Tests performed to diagnose a disease, or to rule out a disease, and to evaluate baseline vital parameters to evaluate organ functions.
- Evidence objective: Authentic Medical Text
- AI:> Diagnostic Norms Rephrased Definition: Established tests and criteria used to diagnose or exclude diseases, as well as to assess baseline vital parameters and organ functions. Evidence Objective: Authentic medical texts.
Therapeutic norms:
- Dictionary/legal: "Therapeutic norms" refers to the established rules, guidelines, or standards that govern and dictate the appropriate methods and practices used in healthcare, particularly in the context of treatment or therapy.
- Medical: Appropriate bedside real-time clinical decisions, based on the knowledge, skill, and experience of the clinician, in a specific case, context, and situation.
- Evidence Objective: Textbook protocols, peer review, expert opinion
- AI:> Therapeutic Norms Rephrased Definition: Real-time clinical decisions made at the bedside, tailored to the specific case, context, and situation, and informed by the clinician's expertise, knowledge, and skills. Evidence Objective: Textbook protocols, peer-reviewed studies, and expert opinions.
Monitoring norms:
- Dictionary/legal: "Monitoring norms" refers to the practice of observing and tracking adherence to established standards, rules, or guidelines, often in a formal or systematic manner.
- Medical: Frequent evaluation of patient's vital parameters, and other specific disease parameters such as 4-hourly blood sugar or serum electrolytes, and appropriate measures taken.
- Evidence objective: Patient progress record and nursing notes
- AI:> Monitoring Norms Rephrased Definition: Systematic and frequent assessments of a patient's vital and disease-specific parameters, such as periodic blood sugar or serum electrolyte measurements, followed by appropriate interventions. Evidence Objective: Authentic medical texts.
Prescribed:
- Dictionary/legal: Recommended or ordered by an authority, especially in the context of medicine or treatment.
- Medical: Recommended treatment modality by a treating physician to fulfill his medical needs.
- Evidence: The prescription.
- AI:> Medical Definition: A treatment recommended by a physician to address a patient's medical needs. Evidence Context: Documented in the form of a prescription.
Indicated:
- Dictionary/legal: Suggested or recommended as necessary or appropriate.
- Medical: Suggested or recommended treatment modality for a particular disease condition.
- Evidence objective: Appropriate medical intervention, for the condition, per medical textbook.
- AI:> Medical Definition: A treatment suggested as necessary for managing a specific medical condition. Evidence Context: Supported by medical textbooks as an appropriate intervention for the condition.
Approved:
- Dictionary/legal: Officially accepted or agreed upon.
- Medical: A drug, device, test, equipment, or procedure approved by a constitutionally empowered authority.
- Evidence objective: Relevant notification and entry in medical texts.
- AI:> Medical Definition: A drug, device, test, or procedure officially sanctioned by an authorized regulatory body. Evidence Context: Verified through official notifications and inclusion in medical literature.
Harm:
- Dictionary/legal: Physical or mental damage or injury caused to someone or something.
- Medical: Physical, physiological or functional derangement caused by a medical intervention.
- Evidence objective: Factual verification by medical examination.
- AI: Medical Definition: Physical, physiological, or functional damage caused by a medical intervention. Evidence Context: Confirmed through medical examination and factual evidence.
Injury:
- Dictionary/legal: Physical harm or damage to the body caused by an external force or accident.
- Medical: Physical, physiological or functional harm, other than the medically intended, by a particular medical intervention.
- Evidence Objective: Medically verified unacceptable and unnecessary harm caused by a medical act.
- AI: Medical Definition: Unintended physical, physiological, or functional harm resulting from a medical intervention. Evidence Context: Verified as harm not intended by the medical procedure.
Accident:
- Dictionary/legal: An unexpected event that results in damage, injury, or loss.
- Medical: An act causing unintended incidental injury during a medical procedure.
- Evidence objective: Described known complications, immediate or distant, after a normally performed procedure.
- AI: Medical Definition: An unforeseen event causing incidental injury during a medical procedure. Evidence Context: Documented as known complications, either immediate or delayed, following a standard procedure.
Oversight:
- Dictionary/legal: Supervision or management of a process or activity; alternatively, an unintentional failure to notice or do something.
- Medical: Lack of system oversight or an unintentional failure on part of treating physician to notice the harm caused to a patient.
- Evidence: Medically verified unnoticed harm.
- AI: Medical Definition: A failure in system supervision or an unintentional lapse by a physician, leading to unnoticed harm to a patient. Evidence Context: Medically verified instances of unnoticed harm.
Indifference:
- Dictionary/legal: Lack of interest, concern, or sympathy.
- Medical: Lack of concern for the possible or obvious adverse consequences of the medical act being done.
- Evidence objective: Failure to follow a prescribed cautionary norm in performing a medical procedure.
- AI: Medical Definition: A lack of concern for potential or evident adverse outcomes of a medical act. Evidence Context: Failure to adhere to established cautionary norms during a medical procedure.
Consequence:
- Dictionary/legal: A result or effect of an action or condition.
- Medical: Direct result of a medical act or procedure.
- Evidence Objective: Known and established cause-effect relationship of the medical act.
- AI: Medical Definition: The direct outcome of a medical act or procedure. Evidence Context: Established through a known cause-and-effect relationship.
Adverse consequence:
- Dictionary/legal: A negative or harmful result or effect.
- Medical: Unintended harmful effect of a particular medical intervention.
- Evidence objective: Unacceptable harm resulting from a medical intervention.
- AI: Medical Definition: An unintended harmful effect resulting from a medical intervention. Evidence Context: Recognized as unacceptable harm caused by the intervention.