This article deals with the judicial separation of husband and wife, according to the Indian Marriage Act of 1955, Under the Hindu marriage. Marriage is usually understood as a union of two person in a human relationship recognized by an official agency. A union usually composed of men and women must abide by laws, regulations, customs, beliefs and relationships. These laws, rules and regulations stipulate the rights and obligations of partners and agreements. Marriage is a close and equal bond between man and woman.

It comes from the hand of God. God created men and women in his own image, making them a body and unique. Although men and women are as equal as God's children, they are fruitful and growing, but the major difference between them allows them to give and receive each other.

Marital separation takes place when spouses in a wedding stop dwelling collectively without getting divorced. Married couples can also additionally separate as a preliminary step within side the divorce procedure or to benefit angle on the wedding and determine whether or not divorce is warranted. Other couples can also additionally separate as an opportunity to divorce for monetary or non secular reasons, for tax purposes, or to ensure persevering with retirement and/or medical health insurance advantages for each spouses.

A separation may be initiated informally, or there may be a legal separation with a formal separation agreement filed with the court. As for a divorce, the latter can also additionally consist of provisions for alimony, whether or not to have sole custody or shared parenting of any children, and the quantity of child support.

Legal separation (sometimes legal separate alimony, divorce a mesetthoro, and board divorce) is a legal process through which a couple can formalize an actual separation while remaining legally married.

• In cases in which children are affected, custody agreements are often made through a court order for legal separation, in which sole custody or joint paternity and maintenance of children are determined. Some couples get one Separation as an alternative to divorce due to moral or religious objections to the divorce.
   
• Legal separation does not automatically lead to divorce. The couple can reconcile. In this case, they don't have to do anything to continue their marriage.

Concept of separation in Hindu law
The religious duties of marriage have three characteristics as follows:

• There is a permanent bond that cannot be severed once it is tied.
• There is an endless connection that is valid not only in this life but also in the lives to come. A religious association in which the achievement of Religious ceremonies are required. Hindu marriage was designed as a religious ceremony and was officially performed to bestow certain blessings. The consent of the parties did not have a significant place in ancient Hindu law. Hindu marriage is based on the removal of the father's rule over his daughter. The relationship between man and woman is very nice and it is the religious duties of Hindu law. The religious ceremony is compulsory for all types of marriage. The Hindu marriage law, 1955 have no specific provision for any form of marriage.

From another perspective, there are usually two forms of marriage in Hindu society:'

• Arranged marriage and
• Love marriage.

Most Hindu marriages are still arranged marriages. The arranged marriage can be carried out in the Brahma marriage form or in the Asura marriage form. The asura form of marriage is a very common form of marriage among the Sudras, but in high-ranking Hindus the Brahma marriage it is common and Gandharva marriage is becoming very popular with the younger generation. Marriage among Hindus, being a spiritual and an unbreakable tie, execution of particular ceremonies remains obligatory for a legitimate marriage.

There are 3 big regions in which the particular ceremonies are to be acted. They are:

• Sagai – This is a proper promise from the daddy to provide the woman in marriage.
• Kanyadan – This is the real gifting away of the woman in marriage with the aid of using her father.
• Saptapadi – This existed in appearing a rite of attractive “saat phere” around the sacred hearthplace with the aid of using the bride and groom. By this overall performance of Saptapadi, it is concluded that the wedding ceremony is solemnized. This makes the wedding absolutely unchangeable.

Under Section 7 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 it is described as the wedding which happens, have to be formal and with the consent of the parties. Saptapadi is an important a part of the rite of marriage.
Hindu Laws additionally permit the inter-caste marriages among Hindu and a non- Hindu however in a few unique provisions under Special Marriage Act, 1954.

The concept of judicial separation.
Judicial separation is a legal means for both parties to have time to think about a troubled marriage. The law provides an opportunity for husbands and wives to reconsider their relationship, while encouraging them to live apart. Therefore, the law gives them freedom and independence to reflect on their relationship. The road ahead is the last choice for both spouses to divorce.

Article 10 of the Indian Marriage Act of 1955 established the legal separation of both spouses. People who get married under the Indian Marriage Act of 1955 can apply for exemption from legal separation by filing an application. After the order is approved, they no longer need to live together. Any spouse who has been injured by the other spouse can apply to the District Court for separation in accordance with Article 10 of the Indian Marriage Act of 1955.

The following conditions must be met:
The wedding between the husband and married person ought to be celebrated properly below Hindu wedding Act.

• The respondent ought to be settled within the jurisdiction of the court wherever the petitioner filed the petition.
• The husband and married person lived along for a specific amount of time before the filing of petition.

Every petition ought to according to Order VII Rule one of the Civil Procedure Code, 1973 must contain:

• The date and place of marriage
• The person ought to be a Hindu, by his/her affidavit.
• Name, status, address of each the parties
• Name, DOB and gender of children (if any).
• Details of proceedings filed before filing the decree for judicial separation or divorce
• For the judicial separation, the proof ought to prove the grounds.
• It is given under Section 10 of the Act; the relation will file a petition for legal separation on the idea of the following grounds:

Adultery (section 3) means when one of the spouses voluntarily had sexual intercourse with someone other than their spouse. Here the person concerned can claim relief, but the sexual intercourse must take place after the marriage.

Case:
Revathi v Union of India and Ors:
In this case, the Court ruled that Section 497 of the IPC is prepared so that a husband cannot prosecute the wife on charges of adultery for desecrating the sanctity of marriage. The woman also did not allow the abusive husband to be prosecuted for injustice towards her. Hence, neither husband nor wife have the right to fight each other with the weapon of criminal law.

Abuse [section 13]:
If the spouse abuses the partner or causes him to suffer physical or mental pain after marriage.
The victim can make a request for abuse:
ShyamSundar v. Santadevi: In this case, the woman suffered great torture from her husband's relatives after the wedding, and the husband remained lazy and did not take any measures to protect his wife. The court ruled that deliberate negligence to protect the wife is tantamount to a cruel behavior by the husband.

Abandonment [Article 13(1)(I b)]:
This section provides that if one spouse leaves the other party for any reason at least two years before the other party’s request, he or she leaves the other party without notice of judicial separation. Right to be released victim. Case-In Guru Bachan Kaur's case against Pretam Singh, the husband applied for a divorce 7 years after announcing his departure. He never understood his wife's problem. His wife is also a working woman, but the woman wants to live with her. The husband works at home. The Supreme Court ruled that there is nothing more than mutual exclusion. One of the parties must have left guilty.

Conversion/Apostasy [S 13(1) (ii)]:
If one of the spouses is based on a religion other than Hinduism, the other spouse can apply to court separation for Falling down. In Durga Prasad Rao's case against Sudharshan Swami, it was found that in any of the circumstances, it is not necessary to formally renounce religious beliefs or hold sacrificial ceremonies Indispensable. In the case of an appeal, a question of fact arose. 13(1) (iii)]-One spouse in the marriage has a mental illness, making it difficult for the other spouse to live with the victim.

The other party can request exemption from legal separation.
Case: Anima Roy vs. Prada (Bradbadh Mohan Ray) (AIR, 1969). In this case, it was discovered that the respondent suffered from an abnormal disease 2 months after marriage. It was found that the respondent could not determine the specific time of the onset of the disease.

Therefore, it is believed that the disease was not detected at the time of marriage. Leprosy [§ 13 (1) (iv) ] - If a spouse has a disease such as leprosy that cannot be cured, the other party may apply for legal separation for having their time due to illustration- not can waste. 'A' has an abnormal illness and 'B' is the wife of 'A'.

When 'A' has an incurable disease and the doctor cannot understand itIn this case, 'B' can file a legal separation application if she does not wish to proceed with her husband. Venereal disease [Section 13 (1) (V)] - If a party to the marriage or a spouse has an incurable and communicable disease and the spouse is unaware of it at the time of the marriage, this may be a valid reason for the spouse to to file an application for judicial separation.
Figure - 'A' suffers from an abnormal disease transmitted through communication. The disease that is irrevocable. In this case, 'B', the wife of 'A', can apply in good faith for separation of their two future children.

He renounced the world [§ 13 Paragraph 1 Letter Vi] - According to Hindu law ofGiving up the world means "Sannyasa". Renunciation of the world means that the person has given up the world and lived a holy life. He is considered a civilian dead. If a spouse renounces the world to lead a sacred life, their partner can request a legal separation.

Illustrations.
When "A" changed his religious beliefs and went to a certain place, people couldn't find him either. When "B" A's wife heard the news, she suffered tremendously. Therefore, you can apply for separation. ·Civil death/suspected death [Article 13(1)(vii)]-If the person has not been found for 7 years or more, and their relatives or anyone else has not heard of them or is considered Has died. Here, the other party can apply for legal separation.

Picture: "A" and "B" are husband and wife for 4 years respectively, and the husband suddenly disappeared for about 8 years. "B" means his wife has tried her best to find her husband in these 8 years, but she can't find him. Therefore, "B" can apply for divorce based on this kind of bigamy [section 13, section 2, letter I]-indicating that the husband remarried during this period You are married and your two wives have the right to separate in court, but only if the other woman is still alive when the application is filed.

Illustration: "A" and "B"-Husband and wife have been 5 years and they are very satisfied with their family. Suddenly, "A" marries another woman "C" without the consent of another wife "B", and "C" does not know that "A" is married. C "I found it." 'You can request separation.

Rape, homosexuality or bestiality [Section 13(2)(ii):
If the husband is guilty of the crime of "A" and the crime of "rape, bestiality or homosexuality", the woman has the right to seek separation in court. With his wife for three years, if A’s husband raped another woman and is found guilty, then B’s wife can petition the court for termination of separation/puberty option [section 13(2)(iv))-if a girl is in I was married before getting married 15 and she did itThe right to demand judicial separation. Illustration- There is a lady of 14 years antique and she or he is from a tribal area.

There, infant marriage is a completely not unusual place nature, her mother and father provide her as a gift to the bridegroom without her consent. After marriage, this Act does now no longer permit for leaving a courting with none valid reason. There have to be precise grounds on which the partner can record a case for judicial separation or divorce.

This Act has a wonderful rule to resolve the disputes between the spouses and loose them from marital ties. In this case, she filed a petition for judicial separation due to her underneath age.

Judicial Separation	Divorce
It is provided under Section 10 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955	It is provided under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
A petition for judicial separation can be filed at any time after marriage.	A petition for divorce can be filed only after one or more years of the marriage.
It only temporarily suspends the marriage	It is the end of the marriage.
An act of adultery is a very big ground, by which anyone files the petition.	The husband and wife must be living in an adulterous relation then only a party can file for divorce.

In our country, marriage is considered a sacred relationship, but if a person is not satisfied with the marriage relationship, he should get out of the road of marriage. People believe in the Indian Marriage Act of 1955, which allows them to seek marriage immunity by filing for divorce. The law does not allow the termination of the relationship without a valid reason. A spouse can apply for a divorce for a specific reason. Perform judicial separation or divorce. The law has excellent rules for resolving disputes between two parties the husband is free from the bondage of marriage.

Written By: Preeti Bhagat, BA LLB 2nd Year - Presidency University, Bangalore