This article examines the critical intersection of water rights and management in business, emphasizing the growing importance of sustainable water use amid increasing scarcity. It explores the concept of corporate water stewardship, highlighting how businesses can mitigate risks and enhance competitiveness through efficient water management practices. Technological innovations and public-private partnerships are identified as key drivers for sustainable water use, offering significant opportunities for businesses.

The article also delves into the unique challenges faced by India, including its complex legal framework, climate change impacts, and conflicts over water resources. By adopting a proactive approach to water management, businesses can contribute to equitable water distribution, reduce operational risks, and support long-term sustainability. The analysis underscores the need for integrated strategies that balance the needs of various stakeholders, ensuring water availability for future generations while fostering business growth.

Introduction
Water is a fundamental resource, indispensable for the survival of both natural ecosystems and human societies. In the business context, water plays a critical role across various industries, from agriculture and manufacturing to energy production and services. As global demand for water continues to rise, managing this precious resource has become a central concern for businesses worldwide.1

Water rights, which define legal entitlements to access and use water resources, are crucial in regulating the allocation and use of water. These rights vary significantly across different jurisdictions, influenced by historical, legal, and socio-political factors. Effective water management in business involves not only complying with legal frameworks but also adopting practices that ensure the sustainable use of water resources.2

In this article, we explore the intersection of water rights and management in business, with a particular focus on the Indian context. We will examine the historical development of water rights, the current legal frameworks governing water use, and the challenges faced by businesses in managing water resources effectively. Through this exploration, we aim to highlight the importance of sustainable water management and the role of businesses in ensuring the long-term availability of this vital resource.

Historical Background
The concept of water rights has evolved significantly over time, shaped by various socio- economic and environmental factors. In many parts of the world, traditional water management systems were based on communal ownership and collective use of water resources. These systems were often adapted to local environmental conditions and played a crucial role in maintaining the balance between water demand and supply. With the advent of industrialization and the rise of modern nation-states, water rights began to be formalized through legal frameworks. In many cases, this shift led to the commodification of water, where access to water resources became increasingly regulated by market mechanisms. The impact of colonialism on water rights cannot be overstated, as colonial 4 powers often imposed their own legal systems on colonized regions, disrupting traditional water management practices. In India, the history of water rights is deeply intertwined with the country's colonial past. The British colonial administration introduced a series of laws and regulations that centralized control over water resources, often at the expense of local communities. These laws laid the groundwork for the modern legal framework governing water rights in India, which continues to shape the way water is allocated and managed in the country today.

Legal Frameworks For Water Rights
International Legal Frameworks
Water rights are governed by a complex web of international treaties, conventions, and customary practices. One of the most significant international agreements on water is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, which establishes principles for the equitable and reasonable use of transboundary water resources. The convention emphasizes the need for cooperation between countries sharing water resources and provides a framework for resolving disputes.3 In addition to international treaties, there are several regional agreements that govern water rights in specific areas. For example, the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank in 1960, allocates the waters of the Indus River system between the two countries. This treaty has been a cornerstone of water management in the region, despite ongoing tensions and challenges.

National Legal Frameworks
At the national level, water rights are typically governed by a combination of constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and judicial decisions. In India, the legal framework for water rights is shaped by both federal and state-level laws. The Constitution of India recognizes water as a state subject, giving state governments the primary responsibility for regulating water use within their jurisdictions.4

Several key laws govern water rights in India, including the Indian Easements Act, 1882, which recognizes the right to use water as an easement, and the River Boards Act, 1956, which provides for the establishment of river boards to regulate and develop inter-state rivers. The Groundwater (Management and Regulation) Bill, 2017, represents a more recent effort to address the challenges of groundwater management in the country. Indian courts have also played a crucial role in interpreting and enforcing water rights, often balancing the needs of different stakeholders.5

Water Management In Business
Corporate Water Stewardship
Corporate water stewardship refers to the responsible use and management of water resources by businesses to ensure sustainability while maintaining profitability. In today's business environment, companies are increasingly recognizing that water is not only a vital resource for their operations but also a key component of their environmental and social responsibilities.6 One prominent example of corporate water stewardship is Coca-Cola's Water Stewardship Program. Coca-Cola has invested in various initiatives aimed at improving water efficiency in its operations, supporting water conservation in communities, and replenishing the water it uses. This includes projects that enhance water access and sanitation in underserved areas, as well as efforts to restore watersheds and protect natural habitats.

By implementing these initiatives, Coca-Cola not only secures its water supply but also strengthens its brand reputation and relationship with stakeholders. Unilever is another company that has integrated water stewardship into its sustainability agenda. Through its Sustainable Living Plan, Unilever has committed to reducing water use across its value chain. This involves working with suppliers to improve water efficiency, investing in water-saving technologies, and educating consumers on how to use water more sustainably. Unilever's approach demonstrates how companies can create shared value by addressing water-related challenges in their business operations and broader communities.

Technological Innovations
Technological innovations play a crucial role in improving water management in business. Advances in technology have enabled companies to enhance water efficiency, reduce waste, and minimize their environmental impact. These innovations range from simple water-saving devices to sophisticated data-driven solutions that optimize water use.

One example of water-saving technology is the adoption of drip irrigation systems in agriculture. Unlike traditional irrigation methods, which can lead to significant water loss through evaporation and runoff, drip irrigation delivers water directly to the roots of plants, minimizing waste and increasing efficiency. This technology is particularly valuable in water- scarce regions, where efficient water use is essential for agricultural productivity. In industrial settings, water recycling and reuse technologies are becoming increasingly common.

These systems allow companies to treat and reuse wastewater within their operations, reducing the need for fresh water and lowering their overall water footprint. For instance, General Electric's (GE) Water & Process Technologies division offers advanced filtration and purification systems that enable industries to recycle water used in manufacturing processes. This not only conserves water but also reduces the environmental impact of industrial wastewater discharge.

Moreover, the rise of digital technologies has given birth to smart water management systems. These systems use sensors, data analytics, and real-time monitoring to optimize water use in various sectors, from agriculture to manufacturing. For example, IBM's Intelligent Water Platform leverages data analytics and cloud computing to monitor water resources, predict demand, and identify potential leaks in water distribution systems. Such innovations can help businesses manage water more efficiently, reduce costs, and mitigate risks associated with water scarcity.

Economic Implications
Water is a critical input for many industries, and its availability—or lack thereof—has significant economic implications. The cost of water in business operations is not only a direct financial burden but also a factor that can influence overall business performance and competitiveness.

In water-intensive industries such as agriculture, textiles, and energy production, the cost of water can represent a substantial portion of operating expenses. For example, in agriculture, water scarcity can lead to reduced crop yields, increased costs for irrigation, and even the need to import water from other regions, all of which can impact profitability. In the textile industry, water is essential for dyeing and finishing processes, and water scarcity can disrupt production, leading to delays and increased costs.7

The economic impact of water scarcity is further compounded by the risks associated with supply chain disruptions. Companies that rely on global supply chains may face significant challenges if water scarcity affects their suppliers. For instance, a drought in a key agricultural region can disrupt the supply of raw materials, leading to increased costs and potential shortages. This highlights the importance of water risk management in business planning and decision-making.8

In response to these challenges, some companies are adopting water pricing strategies that reflect the true cost of water, including its environmental and social impacts. This approach, known as full-cost water pricing, encourages more efficient use of water and incentivizes investments in water-saving technologies. By recognizing water as a valuable economic resource, businesses can better align their operations with sustainable practices and ensure long-term viability.9

Case Study: India
Water Rights in India
India presents a unique case in the context of water rights and management due to its diverse geography, large population, and complex legal framework. The country's water resources are governed by a mix of ancient customs, colonial-era laws, and modern regulations, creating a multifaceted legal landscape.

Historically, water rights in India were based on customary practices that varied across regions. These customs often recognized the collective ownership of water resources, with communities managing and sharing water according to local needs and traditions. However, the introduction 8 of British colonial rule in the 19th century brought significant changes to these traditional practices.

The British colonial administration introduced several laws that centralized control over water resources, often prioritizing commercial interests over local needs. For example, the Irrigation Act of 1873 established government control over irrigation projects, enabling the colonial administration to allocate water for large-scale agricultural and industrial purposes. This shift in water management created conflicts between local communities and the colonial government, as traditional rights were often overlooked or ignored.

In post-independence India, the legal framework governing water rights has continued to evolve. The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, designates water as a state subject, giving individual states the authority to legislate and manage water resources within their territories. However, the central government retains control over inter-state rivers and river valleys, leading to a dual system of water governance.10

Key legislation governing water rights in India includes the Indian Easements Act, 1882, which recognizes the right to use water as an easement, and the River Boards Act, 1956, which provides for the establishment of river boards to regulate and develop inter-state rivers. Additionally, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, address issues related to water quality and pollution, further complicating the legal landscape.11

Indian courts have also played a significant role in interpreting and enforcing water rights. Notably, the Supreme Court of India has recognized the right to water as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life. This judicial interpretation has had far-reaching implications for water management in India, as it obligates the state to ensure access to safe and sufficient water for all citizens.

Water Management Practices
India faces significant challenges in managing its water resources due to factors such as rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and climate change. These challenges are particularly acute in the context of water-intensive industries, which must navigate a complex regulatory environment while ensuring sustainable water use.

The agriculture sector, which accounts for approximately 80% of India's water use, is a critical area for water management. Traditional irrigation practices, such as flood irrigation, are highly inefficient and lead to significant water wastage. In response, the Indian government has promoted the adoption of more efficient irrigation techniques, such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY). These techniques not only conserve water but also improve agricultural productivity, contributing to food security.

In the industrial sector, water management practices vary widely depending on the type of industry and location. Industries located in water-scarce regions face greater pressure to adopt water-saving technologies and practices. For example, the textile industry, which is highly water-intensive, has seen a shift towards more sustainable practices, including the recycling and reuse of water in dyeing and finishing processes. Companies are also investing in zero- liquid discharge (ZLD) systems, which treat and recycle all wastewater generated by industrial processes, minimizing environmental impact.

The Indian government has also introduced various policies and initiatives to promote sustainable water management in industries. The National Water Policy, 2012, emphasizes the need for integrated water resource management (IWRM) and encourages industries to adopt water-efficient technologies. Additionally, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has set stringent standards for industrial effluent discharge, pushing industries to improve their wastewater treatment practices.

Impact of Climate Change
Climate change poses a significant threat to India's water resources, exacerbating existing

challenges and creating new risks for businesses. Rising temperatures, changing precipitation

patterns, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events are affecting water

availability and quality across the country.12

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
One of the most visible impacts of climate change in India is the increased frequency and severity of droughts. Regions such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu have experienced severe droughts in recent years, leading to water shortages for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. These droughts have had a devastating impact on rural communities, as well as on industries that rely heavily on water, such as agriculture and energy production.

Climate change is also affecting the monsoon season, which is crucial for replenishing India's water resources. The monsoon has become more erratic, with some years experiencing heavy rainfall and others facing prolonged dry spells. This variability creates challenges for water management, as businesses and communities must adapt to both excess water during floods and scarcity during droughts.13

In response to these challenges, businesses in India are adopting various adaptive measures to mitigate the impact of climate change on their water resources. These measures include investing in water-efficient technologies, developing contingency plans for water shortages, and participating in community-based water management initiatives. For example, companies in the agricultural sector are exploring drought-resistant crop varieties and shifting towards crops that require less water.

The Indian government is also taking steps to address the impact of climate change on water resources. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) includes several missions focused on water conservation, such as the National Water Mission and the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture. These missions aim to promote water-use efficiency, improve water storage capacity, and enhance the resilience of water resources to climate change.

Challenges And Opportunities
Conflicts Over Water Rights
Conflicts over water rights are a common challenge in India, as the country's water resources are often contested between various stakeholders, including states, businesses, and local communities. These conflicts arise from competing demands for limited water resources, exacerbated by population growth, industrialization, and climate change. One of the most well-known examples of water conflict in India is the dispute over the Cauvery River between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

The dispute, which dates back to the colonial era, revolves around the allocation of water from the Cauvery River, which is vital for agriculture and drinking water in both states. Despite several judicial interventions and the establishment of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, the conflict remains unresolved, with periodic flare-ups causing tensions between the states.

Conflicts over water rights are not limited to inter-state disputes; they also occur at the local level, particularly between businesses and local communities. In some cases, industries have been accused of over-extracting groundwater or polluting water sources, leading to tensions with local residents. For example, in the case of Coca-Cola's bottling plant in Plachimada, Kerala, local communities alleged that the company's water extraction had depleted groundwater levels and polluted local water sources, leading to widespread protests and the eventual closure of the plant.

These conflicts highlight the need for more equitable and sustainable water management practices that balance the needs of different stakeholders. Businesses must engage with local communities and governments to ensure that their water use does not negatively impact others. This can be achieved through mechanisms such as stakeholder consultations, water-sharing agreements, and the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives focused on water conservation.

Opportunities for Businesses
Despite the challenges associated with water rights and management, there are significant opportunities for businesses to contribute to sustainable water use and benefit from it. By adopting water-efficient technologies, investing in water stewardship initiatives, and engaging in public-private partnerships, businesses can enhance their competitiveness, reduce operational risks, and improve their reputation.14

One of the key opportunities for businesses is the potential for innovation in water management. Companies that develop and implement new technologies for water conservation, recycling, and treatment can gain a competitive advantage in a world where water scarcity is becoming an increasingly pressing issue. This includes innovations such as smart water meters, which allow businesses to monitor and optimize water use in real time, and advanced filtration systems that enable the reuse of wastewater in industrial processes.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) offer another avenue for businesses to contribute to water management. Through PPPs, businesses can collaborate with governments and civil society organizations to address water-related challenges, such as improving water infrastructure, promoting water conservation, and ensuring access to clean water for all. For example, the India Water Partnership (IWP), a network of organizations working on water issues, has facilitated partnerships between businesses, governments, and NGOs to promote integrated water resource management across the country.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives focused on water conservation and management also present opportunities for businesses to enhance their brand reputation and contribute to community development. By investing in projects that improve water access, protect water sources, and promote water conservation, companies can build positive relationships with stakeholders and demonstrate their commitment to sustainability.

Conclusion
Water rights and management are critical issues for businesses in the 21st century. As water becomes an increasingly scarce and valuable resource, companies must navigate a complex legal landscape, adopt sustainable water management practices, and engage with stakeholders to ensure the equitable use of water resources. The case of India highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with water rights and management, as the country grapples with issues such as water scarcity, climate change, and conflicts over water resources.16

Looking ahead, it is essential for businesses to adopt a more proactive approach to water

management. This includes investing in water-efficient technologies, participating in public-private partnerships, and engaging with local communities to ensure that their water use does not negatively impact others. Governments must also play a role by strengthening regulations, promoting water conservation, and ensuring that water rights are allocated fairly and equitably. Water is a vital resource that underpins all aspects of life, from agriculture and industry to domestic use and ecosystem health. As businesses continue to grow and expand, they must recognize their responsibility to manage water resources sustainably. By adopting a holistic approach to water management that considers the needs of all stakeholders, businesses can help ensure that water is available for future generations, while also enhancing their own long-term success.

Bibliography
Books:

• Narain, Sunita. Conflicts Over Water in India: Issues and Concerns. Centre for Science and Environment, 2011.
• Bharati, L. & Sharma, B.R. Integrated Water Resources Management in South Asia. Routledge India, 2006.

Research Articles:

• Vishwanath, S. "Water Rights and Legal Pluralism in India: A Perspective." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 44, no. 53, 2009, pp. 105-112.
• Rathore, M.S. "Groundwater Depletion in India: An Overview." Journal of Indian Water Works Association, vol. 38, no. 1, 2006, pp. 7-15.
• Singh, Chhatrapati. "Law, Water, and Development: The Indian Experience." International Journal of Water Resources Development, vol. 16, no. 4, 2000, pp. 477-488.

Journals:

• Indian Journal of Water Resources Management.
• Journal of Indian Water Works Association.

End Notes:

1. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. National Water Policy 2012.
2. Upadhyay, Videh. Water Rights and the 'New' Water Laws in India: Emerging Issues and Concerns in a Rights Based Perspective.
3. Central Water Commission, "Guidelines for Water Allocation and Management in India.
4. State of Orissa v. Government of India, (2009) 5 SCC 492.
5. Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, (2000) 10 SCC 664.
6. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, (1996) 3 SCC 212.
7. Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), "Water Management Initiatives in Indian Industries.
8. Delhi Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Undertaking v. Kishan Chand, (2003) 5 SCC 516.
9. Planning Commission, Government of India, "Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure.
10. Cullet, Philippe. Water Law in India: Overview of Existing Framework and Proposed Reforms.
11. Singh, Chhatrapati. Water Rights and Principles of Water Resource Management.
12. Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
13. Singh, Raj. Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resources in India.
14. Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal. Final Order of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, 2007.
15. Venkateswaran, Sandhya. Coca-Cola in Plachimada: A Struggle for Water Rights. Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 8, 2004, pp. 865-867.
16. Narain, Sunita. Challenges of Water Management in India. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Report, 2012.