In the case of Mohammed Ahmed Khan vs Shah Bano Begum (1985), the defendant was a prisoner.

Immediately after the termination of her marriage, Shah Bano Begum, a Muslim woman, made a request to her husband for financial assistance or maintenance. The petition that she submitted to the Supreme Court was in response to the fact that her husband had refused to give her with financial assistance. In addition to being 62 years old, the mother was in charge of the care of five children.

Regarding this particular instance, the most significant point that needed to be answered was whether or not Muslim women were subject to the rules of Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Because the iddat time had come to an end, the husband argued that his responsibility to pay maintenance had been discharged. This was due to the fact that the iddat term had just ended.

1. Regardless of whether or not they adhere to Muslim Personal Law, Shah Bano Begum was granted maintenance by the Supreme Court, which determined in her favor and held that Muslim women are entitled to support under Section 125. This decision was made in accordance with the Supreme Court's ruling. In addition to emphasizing the importance of gender equality, the court came to the conclusion that Section 125 is applicable to all citizens, regardless of the religious views that people may have.
    
2. The case brought by the Union of India in 2001 against Danial Latifi and other individuals
   In point of fact, after the successful end of her divorce proceedings, a Muslim woman submitted a request for financial assistance from her husband. The husband contended that the Muslim Personal Law absolves him of the responsibility of giving consistent financial assistance to his divorced wife. He claimed that this obligation is not imposed on him.
   
   In line with Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the issue that was being asked was about whether or not a Muslim lady is qualified to get financial assistance. Within the context of this particular case, the interpretation of Muslim Personal Law was investigated in light of the principles of gender equality and justice.
   
   By preserving the capacity of Muslim women to submit a claim for maintenance under Section 125, the Supreme Court stressed the significance of gender equity and equality in its judgment. This decision was announced in the context of the Supreme Court's ruling. In line with Section 125, the court reached the judgment that the Muslim Personal Law does not exclude Muslim males from the obligation to provide financial support to their wives who have divorced.
    
3. A lawsuit was brought against Shah Bano Begum and other individuals by Mohd. Ahmed Khan in the year 1985.
   The husband filed an appeal against the decision that gave Shah Bano Begum, his divorced wife, support. The verdict that granted Shah Bano Begum maintenance was contested by the husband. According to his line of reasoning, the obligation that he had to pay maintenance was only valid for the length of the iddat.
   
   The question that has to be answered is whether or not the obligation of the husband to provide financial support to his woman who has been divorced is limited to the period of time known as iddat, which is also known as the waiting period.
   
   The verdict that was handed down by the Supreme Court said that the responsibility of the husband to offer financial assistance to his divorced wife extends beyond the time period of iddat that was being contested. Shah Bano Begum was granted a verdict by the court that stated she was entitled to support beyond the iddat term. This ruling was given in favor of Shah Bano Begum. In the courtroom, the judge emphasized the need of equitable maintenance and made a decision.
    
4. Imtiaz Ahmed vs. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others (1986) is the fourth case being discussed.
   In one specific situation, a Muslim guy was charged with bigamy because he entered into a second marriage while his first marriage was still going strong. one is the reason why the charges were brought against him.
   When the provisions of Muslim Personal Law are taken into consideration, the issue that has to be answered is whether or not a Muslim man may be prosecuted for bigamy by the authorities in India.
   
   Section 494 of the Indian Penal Code, which is applicable to all citizens of India, was the basis for the ruling that the Supreme Court of India made, which said that a Muslim man might be prosecuted for bigamy under the provisions of the law. The court emphasized that the Indian Penal Code applies to all individuals, regardless of their religious beliefs, and that the principles of Muslim Personal Law cannot take precedence over the criminal law of the nation. This was a fundamental principle that the court emphasized.
    
5. Abdul Kadir v. Salima (1886) Facts: The validity of a Muslim marriage was called into question due to the fact that the bride did not offer her agreement in the customary manner.
   
   The question at hand is whether or not the marriage was constitutional in spite of the fact that the bride did not give her consent to the union.
   
   The Privy Council came to the conclusion that the marriage was illegal since the bride did not provide her consent in the required manner. This led to the marriage being declared invalid. It was brought to the attention of the court that in order for a marriage to be taken into consideration as lawful under the Muslim religion, legitimate consent is required.
    
6. In the year 1885, the case of Abdul Qadir against Salima A controversy regarding whether or not a Muslim woman is permitted to engage into a marriage contract without the authorization of her guardian was the subject of this particular case for the facts.
   
   The question that has to be answered is whether or not the Muslim woman has the legal right to enter into a marriage contract without the authorization of her guardian.
   The Muslim woman is able to enter into a marriage contract without the consent of her guardian, according to the Privy Council, which came to a conclusion after reaching a judgment. When it came to matters concerning marriage, the court placed a strong focus on the autonomy of Muslim women.
    
7. The case of Must. Aisha against Mohd. Ismail was heard in the year 1960.
   There was a question over the legality of a Muslim marriage because there was no guardian present during the ceremony. This raised concerns about the validity of the marriage.
   In the absence of a guardian, the question that has to be answered is whether or not the marriage can be understood as being lawful.
   In spite of the fact that there was no guardian present, the Supreme Court of the United States decided that a marriage between two Muslims was nonetheless held to be valid. The court emphasized how vital it was for both parties involved in the marriage to provide their unequivocal consent to the union before the marriage could take place.
    
8. There was a case that took place in 1997 between Noor Saba Khatoon and Mohd. Quasim.
   It has been shown that a woman submitted a petition to have her marriage declared null and void due to the fact that it had been contracted during the iddat period.
   
   The question of whether or not the marriage that was negotiated during the era of iddat was legal at the time it was performed.
   
   The marriage should be ruled null and void since it was entered into within the iddat period, according to the verdict that was handed down by the Supreme Court. In view of the fact that the iddat period is regarded as a holy time, the court came to the conclusion that any marriage that was contracted during this time period is considered to be invalid.
    
9. 1975 was the year when Zeenat Bibi filed a lawsuit against Md. Suleman.
   With no witnesses present during the wedding ceremony, the validity of a Muslim marriage may have been called into question. This is because there were no witnesses present.
   
   In the absence of any witnesses, the question that needed to be answered was whether or not the marriage was within the statute of limitations.
   
   In spite of the fact that there were no witnesses present prior to the ceremony, the Supreme Court reached the decision that the marriage was within the letter of the law. In the decision that it handed down, the court emphasized how important it is to acknowledge the customs that are linked with Muslim marriages. It also declared that the absence of witnesses does not make a Muslim marriage illegal.
    
10. Case of Masroor Ahmed vs the State, which took place in 2004
    The circumstances indicate that a man was charged with bigamy under Muslim personal law because he had entered into a second marriage without first seeking a divorce from his first wife. This led to the accused man being charged with bigamy.
    
    As far as Muslim personal law is concerned, the issue that has to be answered is whether or not the individual might be penalized for bigamy.
    
    The High Court came to the conclusion that the man could not be prosecuted with bigamy since he had divorced his first wife, which meant that his second marriage was legal. A ruling was issued as a result of this decision. In cases involving marriage and divorce that are governed by Muslim personal law, the court emphasized how essential it is to stick to the appropriate legal procedure. This was done in order to avoid any potential complications.
    
    As a consequence of these cases, the principles of Islamic law have been protected within the framework of Indian law. These cases have been an essential component in the process of constructing and interpreting Muslim marriage law in India. In addition to this, they have made certain that Muslim women are treated in a moral and equitable manner.