The conflict between Israel and Iran stands out in the Middle East due to its deep-seated roots in geopolitical, historical, and religious factors. This enduring hostility has profound implications for both the region and international law. An analysis of this conflict through the lens of public international law offers insights into its complexities and potential pathways to resolution.

Central to the Iran-Israel dispute are issues of state sovereignty and territorial integrity. Both countries assert their right to self-determination and sovereignty over their respective territories. However, conflicting claims to specific areas, including Jerusalem's status, have heightened tensions and led to confrontations. The concept of territorial integrity, enshrined in various international treaties and conventions, underscores the importance of preserving the borders of sovereign states.

Historical Background

• Iran was among the first nations in the area to recognize Israel upon its founding in 1948. Iran developed diplomatic connections with Israel in spite of resistance from Arab governments, motivated by common interests and a pro-Western posture. This partnership was a component of Israel's "periphery doctrine," a Middle East strategy designed to forge alliances with non-Arab, mostly Muslim, nations.
   
• Iran sustained its pro-Western foreign policy and diplomatic ties with Israel under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's administration. However, Iran saw tremendous transformation following the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The United States was referred to as the "Great Satan" by the new government, which saw Israel as an occupier of Palestinian territory and called it "Little Satan."
   
• As a result of this change, Iran and Israel's relationship became strained and they both started to launch strategic offensives and proxy wars against one another. Iran funded extremist organizations like Hezbollah and Hamas, who are hostile to both Israel and the United States, while Israel attacked Iranian nuclear scientists and facilities in an effort to thwart Iran's nuclear program. Concerns concerning the possibility of a wider conflict between Israel, Iran, and their various supporters in the region have been raised by the recent escalation of tensions.

Nuclear Proliferation:

The proliferation of nuclear weapons adds another layer of complexity to the conflict. Despite Iran's claims of pursuing peaceful objectives, suspicions regarding its nuclear weapons capabilities have raised global concerns about its nuclear program. Conversely, Israel maintains a policy of nuclear ambiguity, neither confirming nor denying possession of nuclear weapons. This raises questions about states' obligations to engage in good faith disarmament and adhere to international non-proliferation agreements.

State sponsorship for terrorism:

A significant issue in the Iran-Israel dispute is the alleged state sponsorship of terrorism. Israel accuses Iran of supporting terrorist organizations, such as Hezbollah and Hamas, which have targeted Israeli interests. State sponsorship of terrorism violates the UN Charter's prohibition on the use of force and principles of state responsibility. However, proving direct state involvement in terrorist activities poses challenges, making it difficult to hold nations legally accountable under international law.

Additionally, the conflict between Iran and Israel is intertwined with broader regional dynamics, including the Sunni-Shia divide and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Sunni-majority states in the region resent Iran's support for Shia forces in Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq, complicating diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis. Addressing the conflict requires a comprehensive, multilateral approach, considering the involvement of various actors with divergent interests.

Diplomatic Efforts and Multilateral Negotiations:

Diplomatic efforts and multilateral negotiations have been key components of international attempts to address the Iran-Israel dispute. The Iran nuclear deal, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), exemplifies such diplomatic measures aimed at limiting Iran's nuclear program. However, the effectiveness of the JCPOA has been undermined by the United States' withdrawal in 2018 and subsequent tensions, highlighting the challenges of maintaining international cooperation amidst shifting political realities.

Role of International Organisation: International organisations, such as the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), play vital roles in ensuring compliance with international laws and conventions. The UN Security Council primarily addresses threats to global peace and security, including those arising from the Iran-Israel conflict. However, progress on the matter has been hindered by disagreements among Security Council members, particularly due to the veto power wielded by permanent members.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Iran-Israel dispute presents numerous intricate legal challenges with significant implications for global peace and security. Resolving these issues requires a commitment to multilateralism and diplomacy, as well as a nuanced understanding of the legal principles governing state conduct. Despite the potential obstacles to reaching a settlement, upholding international law is essential for managing the complexities of this prolonged conflict and fostering enduring peace in the region.