Globalization refers to a complex and multifaceted process that encompasses various aspects such as economics, ideology, politics, culture, and the environment. It brings about an increasing interdependence among nations across the globe. From an economic perspective, the historical progress of globalization can be categorized into four stages: domestic, international, multinational, and global.

In terms of worldview, there are four different ways of thinking about globalization: self-centered, multi-axis, regional-oriented, and world-centered. Each of these perspectives has its own focus and priorities when it comes to understanding and engaging with globalization. Globalization has both positive and negative effects, and it presents a range of advantages and disadvantages.

Whether an individual, a node in a network, or a specific society views globalization favorably or unfavorably depends on whether they have benefited or suffered from its consequences. There are alternative approaches to globalization, including the anti-globalization movement, reformed globalization, and the philosophy of sustainable development. Among these alternatives, sustainable development emerges as the most logical choice.

It emphasizes the importance of not only economic development and social progress but also the need to pay close attention to the environment and preserve natural resources. In this article, we will explore the dimensions of sustainable development and globalization.

Definition Of Globalization

Globalization can be defined as a multifaceted and intricate process that encompasses various aspects such as economics, ideology, politics, culture, and the environment. At its core, globalization aligns with the principles of capitalism, focusing on the preservation and expansion of capital reproduction. Consequently, the economy plays a central role in the globalization phenomenon. Specifically, it involves the rapid integration of local and national economies into the global economy, characterized by the continuous flow of goods and services, capital, technology, and information across international borders.

By broadening our perspective, we can observe globalization extending beyond the economic realm, permeating various dimensions of human life. In addition to economic domains, globalization has spread its influence to other areas of activity, including politics, culture, society, environment, science, religion, and even sports. It represents a continuous progression along the historical path of internationalization, increasing the interdependence among nations across economic, political, cultural, and environmental dimensions.

Manuela Lucas suggests that one of the significant impacts of globalization is the transformation of individual problems into collective global challenges. This interconnectedness means that conflicts and turmoil in one country can lead to an influx of refugees seeking asylum in other nations. Additionally, environmental issues in one region can have far-reaching consequences, resulting in disasters and adverse effects in other parts of the world.

Researchers have identified common key themes in their understanding of globalization. These themes include the shrinking of geographical boundaries, the compression of time and space, the intensification of interdependence, and the interconnectedness of nations and peoples. Taking these key themes into consideration, David Held defines globalization as a series of processes that bring about a spatial reorganization of social relations and transactions.

These processes are measured in terms of their extensiveness, intensity, velocity, and impact, resulting in transcontinental flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power. Joseph Stiglitz, an economist and Nobel Prize winner, characterizes globalization as the closer integration of countries and individuals worldwide.

He attributes this integration to the significant reduction in transportation and communication costs, as well as the dismantling of barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and, to a lesser extent, people across borders. For geographers Gibson-Graham, globalization is understood as a set of processes that rapidly integrate the world into a unified economic space.

This integration is facilitated by increased international trade, the internationalization of production and financial markets, and the promotion of a commodity culture through an increasingly interconnected global telecommunications system. From a political science perspective, Robert Gilpin defines globalization as the growing interdependence of national economies in trade, finance, and macroeconomic policy.

Guillen, a scholar specializing in globalization, defines it as a process that leads to greater interdependence and mutual awareness among economic, political, and social units worldwide. It is also associated with cross-border advocacy networks and organizations that advocate for human rights, the environment, and women's rights.

Dimensions Of Globalization

The previous sections discussed the concept and definitions of globalization. This section will focus on the different dimensions of globalization, namely economic globalization, environmental globalization, and social and cultural globalization.

1. Economic Globalization:
   Economic globalization refers to the movement of goods, services, and capital across long distances, as well as the organization of processes that facilitate these movements. Bhagwati provides a more specific definition, describing it as the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), short-term capital flows, international movement of workers, and technology transfer. Stiglitz's five dimensions of globalization, which are trade, FDI, short-term capital flows, knowledge transfer, and labor migration, align with Bhagwati's definition. The economic dimension of globalization is the most complex, encompassing various aspects, forms, and implications.
    
2. Environmental Globalization:
   Karl S. Zimmerer defines environmental globalization as the increased involvement of globally organized management institutions, knowledge systems, monitoring, and coordinated strategies aimed at addressing resource, energy, and conservation issues. This dimension of globalization recognizes the importance of global cooperation in managing and preserving the environment. The term "environmental globalization" can be understood as the increasing consistency and satisfaction in regular environmental management practices.
   
   Steven Yearley refers to this concept as the "globalization of environmental concern." Additionally, Grainger mentions a study by Clark that explores this concept and identifies three key aspects of environmental globalization: the global movement of energy, materials, and organisms; the adoption and acceptance of global environmental ideas; and the development of environmental governance through various institutions. This phenomenon is closely linked to economic globalization, as global economic development has significant environmental implications that concern many organizations and individuals.
   
   It is important to note that the environmental impacts of economic globalization should not be confused with the concept of environmental globalization. In certain aspects, the two concepts are at odds with each other. Economic globalization often prioritizes trade, while environmental globalization emphasizes initiatives that promote the environment, which can sometimes hinder trade. Consequently, an environmental activist may oppose economic globalization but support environmental globalization.
    
3. Social and Cultural Globalization
   This includes the movement of ideas, information, images, and people across long distances. Isomorphism, which involves the imitation of one society's practices and institutions by another, is a significant component of social globalization. Similarly, cultural globalization, as defined by Srivastava & Khan, involves the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values worldwide by expanding and intensifying social relations.
   
   Overall, environmental globalization, social globalization, and cultural globalization all contribute to the complex interconnectedness of our world today.

The Impacts Of Globalization

The concept of globalization has attracted both proponents and critics, with varying attitudes towards this phenomenon depending on the specific individuals, groups, or communities and their experiences.

By delving into existing literature and writings, we can explore the positive and negative consequences of globalization:

1. Positive Impacts:
   Globalization promotes the integration of global markets by removing trade barriers, enhancing communication channels, and encouraging foreign direct investment. This facilitates the unrestricted movement of capital across different nations, potentially fostering economic growth. Advocates of globalization argue that developing countries can expedite their progress through this process. Jagdish Bhagwati, one of the United Nations' advisors, asserts that globalization holds the potential to liberate nations from the clutches of poverty and deprivation by propelling economic growth.
   
   He states that globalization allows skilled workers in developing countries to have more opportunities and the ability to compete for higher wages in the global market while enjoying improved working conditions. Globalization has brought about a significant transformation in the political landscape by empowering governments and regulating their relationships. Moreover, it has facilitated access to cultural diversity, thereby fostering mutual understanding and comprehension among individuals. In the social sphere, globalization has resulted in the proliferation of non-governmental organizations, emerging as a crucial player in global policy.
    
2. Negative Impacts:
   One of these is the brain drain from developing nations, as talented individuals are enticed by the opportunities available in developed countries, resulting in significant losses for their home countries. For instance, India suffers an annual loss of over $10 billion due to the emigration of its students. Globalization has also negatively impacted developing countries in terms of competitiveness in the global labor market.
   
   While knowledge workers like engineers, lawyers, managers, and consultants can effectively compete in global markets and demand higher wages, ordinary workers are not as fortunate. In many developing countries, workers are forced to accept lower wages and poor working conditions compared to their counterparts in branches of global companies in wealthier nations.
   
   Critics argue that globalization mainly benefits large corporations while harming smaller ones. Some experts highlight the emergence of covert global decision-making centers through globalization, which poses a threat to politically weaker countries. Furthermore, in cultural and social realms, globalization is seen as a risk to cultural heritage, leading to the assimilation of lifestyles worldwide. Some argue that this influence is eroding indigenous and cultural characteristics across the globe. Additionally, the globalization of crime is believed to have promoted its proliferation on a worldwide scale.

 

Alternatives To Globalization

Despite some regarding globalization as an irreversible phenomenon, numerous factions have challenged it and put forth alternative perspectives. Below, we will briefly describe these alternatives:

1. The anti-globalization movement;
2. Proponents of reformed globalization;
3. Advocates of sustainable development.

 

1. The anti-globalization movement:
   The advocates of the anti-globalization movement encompass a diverse range of individuals who are opposed to any international economic entity and seek to bring forth unity in the global economic system. This coalition of groups, referred to as anti-globalization movements, comprises ecologists, human rights activists, leftists, proponents of cultural diversity, champions of localism, and similar individuals.
   
   The inception of the anti-globalization movement took place in Seattle, USA, in 1999. During that year, a significant demonstration by around 50,000 individuals disrupted the meeting of the World Trade Organization, marking the initial victory of globalization opponents. Notable protests by the anti-globalization movement also include the riots in Prague.
    
2. The modified view of globalization:
   As the positive aspects of globalization became apparent and the impact of the anti-globalization movements proved somewhat ineffective, the frequency of demonstrations and riots diminished. Consequently, a new movement emerged with a focus on challenging solely the economic dimensions of globalization while disregarding social sensitivities.
    
3. Sustainable Development Perspective:
   From a perspective of sustainable development, the notion of globalization and its neoliberal ideology can be seen as less rational. Instead, sustainable development emerges as a more logical alternative. This viewpoint stems from existential philosophy and is grounded in the recognition of three pivotal interconnected concerns in the present-day world: economic advancement, social progression, and the relationship with the natural environment. The author firmly believes that sustainable development is the most fitting approach to address development issues and therefore expands on this belief by providing further elucidation.

History And Definition Of Sustainable Development

The history of sustainable development can be traced back to the 1972 UN Declaration of Human Environment, also known as the Stockholm Declaration. This declaration sparked a discussion on the importance of preserving and enhancing the human environment while ensuring sustainable development.

In 1987, the World Environment and Development Commission prepared the Brundtland Report, which provided a defining statement for sustainable development. It stated that sustainable development is the kind of development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Prime Minister Grove Brandland of Norway formally introduced the term "sustainable development" on a global scale in 1987. He emphasized the importance of this concept in ensuring a secure future for humanity. Since then, sustainable development has been a topic of extensive debate and discussion among experts and intellectuals.

Over the past two decades, the rapid growth of globalization has led to an increase in resource consumption and significant damage to natural ecosystems. Consequently, the concept of sustainable development has gained even more attention. It encompasses the idea that development should not only improve the quality of life for the present generation but also provide support for future generations. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to consider both human conditions and the condition of the environment and ecosystems.

Sustainable development is rooted in the philosophy of sustainability, which refers to the ability of a system to function indefinitely. This means that the system should maintain its status quo, utility, and available facilities over time, without depleting the resources it relies on.

Furthermore, sustainable development involves a set of actions and activities that are guided by the principles of sustainability. It requires constant evaluation and revision of actions to align with sustainable practices. In order to benefit society as a whole and protect valuable resources, decisions are made based on wisdom and knowledge. These decisions are then planned and implemented accordingly.

Sustainable development is built upon the integration of economic and environmental factors, the protection of the environment, commitment to future generations, ensuring fairness and justice between generations, striving for a high quality of life, and fostering the active participation of individuals in the process of development. Its true essence is realized when it enhances the well-being of human beings while simultaneously ensuring the preservation and vitality of our planet. Let us join hands in preserving the Earth. To enhance the quality of human life, development policies need to be crafted in a manner that creates a foundation for the overall excellence of every member of society.

This entails providing them with physical and mental well-being, offering access to quality education, nurturing, healthcare, and social welfare services that guarantee a respectable standard of living. It also involves securing their political, economic, and legal rights, which fosters positive human relations within families and society as a whole, at the local, organizational, and national levels.

When it comes to safeguarding the Earth's livelihood, development should be centered around the preservation of life support systems and ecological processes that sustain the essential elements of our existence, such as air, water, soil, and biodiversity. It requires ensuring the sustainability of renewable resources, minimizing the consumption of non-renewable resources, and respecting the carrying capacity of our land and ecosystems. Let us strive to maintain a harmonious balance with nature for the long-term well-being of our planet.

Goals:

1. The Brundtland Report: "Our Common Futures" highlighted the importance of collaborative efforts and global coordination in safeguarding the environment, as well as promoting economic and social progress, for the benefit of future generations.
   
   The report outlined four primary objectives:
   
   1. Proposing a comprehensive and long-term environmental strategy aimed at achieving sustainable development beyond the year 2000.
   2. Fostering increased cooperation among developing nations and facilitating partnerships between countries in different stages of development.
   3. Identifying means through which the international community can contribute to environmental concerns.
   4. Assisting in the establishment of collective understandings regarding long-term environmental challenges and offering solutions for future generations.

   The emergence of the second 'Green' movement gained momentum following the release of 'Our Common Futures', which brought the concept of sustainable development (SD) into mainstream politics. This led to the rise of a new movement known as 'green consumerism', along with public concerns regarding issues such as 'mad cow disease' and genetically modified foods. In the wake of 'Our Common Futures', the United Nations organized the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, aiming to build upon the foundations established by the Stockholm Declaration. During this period, public awareness and discourse surrounding environmental matters reached its peak, resulting in the formation of several new agreements addressing biodiversity and climate change, among other issues.
   
   In Rio, a set of twenty-seven principles were declared, seeking to establish a fresh international collaboration aimed at producing agreements that prioritize the interests of all individuals while safeguarding the global environment and economic systems. Furthermore, the United Nations established the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) to oversee the implementation of the agreements made in Rio.
    

2. Sustainable development initiatives:
   SD Initiatives emerged after the release of the Brundtland Report. The UN Conference on Environmental Development, also known as the Rio Earth Summit, took place in 1992 and presented Agenda 21 as a result. In 1998, a special session called Rio+5 was held by the Assembly, where it was acknowledged that progress in sustainable development was uneven. Moreover, new concerns were identified, including the growing impact of globalization, widening income inequalities, and ongoing environmental degradation on a global scale. Subsequent sessions were conducted to develop a comprehensive sustainable development plan, leading to the creation of Agenda 21.
   
   Agenda 21 is comprised of twenty-seven principles aimed at addressing all aspects of economic development. It is organized into four sections, each containing forty chapters. This initiative offers an actionable roadmap for sustainable development, covering various critical issues such as population control, transparency, collaboration between stakeholders, fairness and justice, as well as integrating market principles within a regulatory framework. The United Nations regards Agenda 21 as the 'UN Blueprint for Sustainable Development'.
   
   Additionally, a local approach to implementing Agenda 21, known as Local Agenda, gained significant traction among many countries by 2000, even though it lacked legal binding. Local Agenda has demonstrated its effectiveness primarily in countries where local governments possess a considerable level of autonomy to generate local income and regulate environmental concerns.
    
3. United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
   The United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are widely regarded as a significant milestone in sustainable development (SD). The Rio Earth Summit held in 1992, known for introducing Agenda 21, played a crucial role in this transformation. It is recognized for two key reasons: firstly, it sparked a movement towards involving citizens in global governance matters, emphasizing the importance of their participation. Secondly, it highlighted the need for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to assess progress in SD effectively.

Inspired by the discussions and themes addressed during the Rio Earth Summit, the United Nations unveiled the MDGs in 2000. These goals aimed to tackle issues related to human development and establish a framework for the UN's efforts in economic development, setting a target date for completion by 2015. The MDGs consisted of eight goals, each impacting economic development in various ways. Whether it was tackling poverty, ensuring a well-educated and healthy workforce, safeguarding limited resources, or fostering global infrastructure for industry and commerce, the MDGs were designed to be both measurable and attainable.

The United Nations' MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) were established with the aim of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing a global partnership for development. In the UN's 2014 report on the effectiveness of the MDG campaign, it was stated that progress has been made in developing countries.

For instance, the likelihood of a child dying before the age of five has been reduced by 50%, maternal mortality rates have dropped by 45%, improved HIV treatment has saved an estimated 6.6 million lives, over 22 million have been saved from tuberculosis, and 3.3 million have successfully fought malaria.

The Secretary General commented on this progress, stating that fewer people are living in poverty, more children are attending school, and there is increased access to improved drinking water sources for families and communities. In contrast to the MDGs, the United Nations introduced a new initiative called the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), which aimed to create goals that are applicable to every country and are concise, easily communicated, limited in number, aspirational, global, and action-oriented.

On September 25th, 2015, the General Assembly of the UN declared the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Building upon the Millennium Development Goals established in 2000, Agenda 2030 sets out 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets to be achieved over the next 15 years, with a focus on the triple bottom line of environmental, economic, and social aspects.

The United Nations' Agenda 2030 shares similarities with the principles of the Brundtland Report. The 2030 Agenda acknowledges that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions is the most significant global challenge and a vital requirement for sustainable development. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of global social and economic issues and the necessity for worldwide collaboration.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Agenda 2030 are as follows:

• End poverty comprehensively, addressing all its manifestations worldwide
• Achieve zero hunger, enhance food security, promote sustainable agriculture
• Ensure healthy lives and well-being for people of all ages
• Guarantee inclusive and equitable quality education, and support lifelong learning opportunities for everyone
• Secure sustainable management of water resources and access to adequate sanitation for all
• Attain gender equality, empower women and girls across all domains
• Provide affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
• Foster sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and decent employment for all
• Develop resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and encourage innovation
• Reduce inequalities within and among nations
• Create inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements
• Preserve and sustainably utilize oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development
• Safeguard, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, combat desertification, and halt biodiversity loss
• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, ensure access to justice for all, and build effective and inclusive institutions at all levels
• Strengthen the means of implementation and invigorate the global partnership for sustainable development

Dimensions Of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development encompasses four fundamental dimensions, and its attainment relies heavily on the close collaboration among government, private sector, and civil institutions. These four dimensions include social, economic, political, and environmental aspects.

The social dimension pertains to the interplay between individuals, aiming to enhance their well-being, improve access to vital healthcare and education services, foster cultural diversity, and address issues of equality and poverty eradication.

The economic dimension revolves around various economic factors. It emphasizes the promotion of individual and societal well-being through the effective and efficient utilization of natural resources, while ensuring their equitable distribution.

The environmental dimension is concerned with the safeguarding and enhancement of physical and biological resources and the overall ecosystem. It encompasses the mutually beneficial relationship between nature and humanity.

The political dimension places emphasis on laws, policies, planning, budgeting, institutionalization, diversity, and pluralism. It highlights the importance of upholding human rights, ensuring people's active involvement in decision-making processes, and establishing the necessary conditions for integrating social, economic, and environmental objectives. This dimension seeks to establish an interconnected and symbiotic relationship between society, economy, and nature to achieve sustainable development.

Implications Of Globalization On Sustainable Development

The consequences and new forms imposed on society by globalization necessitate consideration of how civil society members organize and coordinate politically and socially. These organizations form networks focused on mutual assistance and discussions of shared issues. They address the democratic need for representation in areas often overlooked by decision-making centers.

They are motivated by questioning existing policies and seeking approaches that consider diverse interests and realities. These community-rooted activities and initiatives, facilitated by non-governmental organizations, encourage alternative approaches and provide a democratic platform for those affected by social, economic, and ecological changes.

Regarding the fundamental challenges of global governance, several significant trends can be identified. Firstly, the process of globalization, while promoting integration, also leads to widespread economic, social, and cultural exclusion, affecting the majority of people. Secondly, an examination of these problems highlights a growing interdependence among various spheres of activity, encompassing imbalances and inequalities within societies, between societies, and ultimately between societies and the biosphere. Finally, these problems are increasingly viewed through the lens of global citizenship, offering a legal and political foundation for a more equitable representation system and the protection of rights.

Necessity Of Managing The Globalization Process

The ongoing phenomenon of globalization contradicts the fundamental principles and philosophy of sustainable development. This course of action cannot persist due to two primary reasons. Firstly, it lacks a human touch and fails to consider the well-being of individuals. Secondly, it harms the environment and goes against the principles of sustainability. Should this process continue unchecked, it will inevitably lead to a crisis and propel us towards catastrophic destruction.

Therefore, it is imperative to exercise restraint and establish control over globalization. The major countries and corporations currently dominating the global stage and reaping the rewards of globalization need to realize that these benefits are transient. Sustained enjoyment of globalization can only be achieved through the simultaneous promotion of international cooperation. The entire international community must actively and consciously oversee the progress of globalization, influence its direction, and implement a system that benefits the entirety of human society. This can be accomplished by providing financial and specialized aid to countries with limited resources.

Failure to do so will result in the proliferation of inequality and deprivation on a global scale. The adverse and unintended consequences of this will affect every nook and corner of the world, causing immense harm. It is crucial to manage the process of globalization in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, ensuring that all nations can reap the benefits it offers.

Conclusion
Sustainable Development presents an extraordinary chance for global communities to embrace comprehensive progress, eradicate poverty, and mitigate the perils of climate change through transformative viewpoints and approaches towards economic advancement. It necessitates the active involvement of all individuals to contribute towards achieving sustainable development. Both India and the world face extensive and formidable challenges in addressing environmental issues while striving to coexist harmoniously in sustainable communities.

It is imperative to comprehend that economic and sustainable development rests on the shoulders of society as a whole. As individuals, we must also embrace the responsibility of becoming conscientious consumers by adopting a modified lifestyle. Failure to act promptly will only result in prolonged delays in rectifying the consequences.

References:

1. Atefeh Nooraei Niya, "Study of Relation between Aptitude Management and Analysing the Operation Organization in Office of Transposition" Indian Journal of Natural Sciences 5(30) (2015).
2. C. Rangarajan, "Responding to Globalisation: India's Answer'' at 4th Ramanbhai Patel Memorial Lecture on Excellence in Education, delivered on February 25, 2006.
3. Catherine Eshcle, "Contructing 'The Anti-Globalisation Movement" International Journal of Peace Studies 9(1) 61-84 (2004) available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41852911 (last visited on Nov. 03, 2023).
4. Dong Sook S. Gills and Nicola Piper, eds. "Women and Work in Globalising Asia" (Routledge, London 2001).
5. David Held, et al., "Globalization" Global Governance, 5 (4), 1999, pp. 483–96. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27800244 (last visited on 2 Nov. 2023).
6. David Held, Anthony Mcgrew, et. al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture Politics at the Edge. Political Studies Association Yearbook Series, Palgrave Macmillan, London, available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333981689_2
7. Dilip K. Das, Globalisation: Past and Present, Economic Affairs, 30 (1), 66-70 (2010) available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2009.01976.xv.
8. D.W. MacKenzie, Public Choice, vol. 120(1/2), 2004, pp. 234–39. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30025840 (last visited on 2 Nov. 2023).
9. Frederick Buell, "Globalization without Environmental Crisis: The Divorce of Two Discourses in U.S. Culture" Globalism & Theory 9(1/2) 45-73 (2001) available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40550500 (last visited on Nov. 11, 2023).
10. Jagdish Bhagwati, "In Defense of Globalization" Faculty Books, 191 (2004) available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/191.
11. Lsezek Gawor, "Globalization and its alternatives: antiglobalism, alterglobalism and the idea of sustainable development" Sustainable Development 16(2) 126-134 (2007) available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sd.336 (last visited on Nov 03, 2023).
12. Maik Adomßent , Daniel Fischer, et al., Emerging Areas in Research on Higher Education for SD – Management Education, Sustainable Consumption and Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe, Journal of Cleaner Production, 62, 1-7 (2014).
13. M. Sornarajah, "Globalisation and Crime: The Challenges to Jurisdictional Principles" Singapore Jounral of Legal Studies 409-431 (1999) available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24868120 (last visited on Nov. 03, 2023).
14. Palazzo and Scherer, Corporate Legitimacy as Deliberation. A Communicative Framework, Journal of Business Ethics, 66 (1), (2006), 71–88.
15. Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye Jr. "Globalization: What's New? What's Not? (And So What?)." Foreign Policy, 118 104–19 (2000) JSTOR, available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1149673 (last visited on 2 Nov. 2023)
16. Robert Gilpin, The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century, Princeton University Press, 2000, pp. xii, 373.
17. Timm Heinemannand and Martin Sokol, Journal of Economic Geography, 13(4), 2013, 701–03 JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26155418 (last visited on 2 Nov. 2023).