The Intersection Of Novel Technologies And Women's Reproductive Rights Navigating Impacts On Healthcare And Autonomy
"Motherhood Has A Very Humanizing Effect Everything Gets Reduced To
Essentials"
The marvel of nature has bestowed upon women the incredible capacity to bring forth life, a gift cherished by every woman as an embodiment of motherhood expertise. Nevertheless, certain women find themselves thwarted by medical conditions, rendering them unable to conceive and bear children. Numerous couples, who share an ardent longing to embrace parenthood, find solace in exploring a myriad of possibilities.
Childless couples, driven by an earnest yearning to nurture their own progeny, are spurred to delve into diverse avenues such as Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART),[1] Intra-Uterine Injections (IUI)[2], In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)[3], and other innovative approaches. These technologies, rooted in scientific advancement, stand as beacons of hope for those aspiring to realize their dreams of motherhood, offering an alternative pathway to experience the profound journey of nurturing and raising a child.
The emergence of artificial uteruses, facilitating the external development of a fetus, stands as a promising stride in technology. While this innovation holds potential to assist women incapable of conventional pregnancy or those with high-risk pregnancies, it concurrently stirs ethical and moral deliberations.
Concerns include apprehensions surrounding the psychological consequences of nurturing a fetus within an artificial womb, potentially impacting embryonic maturation and the emotional bond between mother and child. Moreover, it remains imperative to ensure that this technological advancement does not supplant natural gestation or become a tool for exerting control over women's reproductive agency.
Establishment for Societal Research Advancement (ESRA)[4] The Indian Department of Health and Family Welfare, operating under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, has inaugurated and executed National Guidelines for Certification, Oversight, and Monitoring of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Clinics across India in 2005. This initiative forms an integral facet of its regulatory framework concerning surrogacy arrangements.
The objective of these guidelines is to ensure the protection of the rights and interests of not only the surrogate mother and the child but also the individuals seeking parenthood through surrogacy. Presently, there are no explicit legislative provisions solely dedicated to surrogacy regulations.
Within the legislative domain, India's legislators have endorsed two distinct acts aimed at addressing these matters. The first pertains to the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act[5], which endeavors to establish norms and controls in the domain of assisted reproductive technology. The second is the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act,[6] which focuses on enacting regulations and norms to govern the practice of surrogacy in the country.
These legislative measures underscore the nation's commitment to ensure ethical practices, safeguard the interests of all stakeholders, and regulate the burgeoning landscape of assisted reproductive technology and surrogacy.
The instance of Baby Manjhi Yamada v. Union of India presented a pivotal moment in 2008 when the Supreme Court (SC) brought forth a pronounced necessity for structured legislation and oversight concerning surrogacy. Another significant legal case, Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration (2009), unveiled that Article 21 of the Constitution safeguards women's entitlements in relation to their reproductive choices, alongside a spectrum of other rights.
This encompasses the right to uphold their dignity and privacy, the prerogative to progress with a pregnancy to its full term of nine months, and the freedom to engage in childbirth. This ruling contributes to a holistic perspective on women's reproductive autonomy, accentuating the multifaceted layers of rights and liberties enshrined within the constitutional framework.
It's worth noting that discussions surrounding artificial wombs often encompass considerations about medical and ethical nuances. The technology's potential to provide safer alternatives for women with medical complications, or those seeking reproductive options beyond traditional methods, underscores its significance.
Ethical evaluations must weigh the benefits against the potential risks and moral implications, particularly concerning the psychological and emotional aspects of pregnancy outside the human body. As society navigates this technological frontier, careful considerations and safeguards are essential to protect women's reproductive rights and ensure that such innovations remain empowering rather than coercive.
A promising avenue in fertility treatment advancement involves the integration of CRISPR technology[7] within reproductive medicine. Nonetheless, this innovation brings to the forefront concerns related to safety and ethical implications, particularly in the context of potentially creating 'designer babies'[8].
It remains paramount to ensure comprehensive resolution of the ethical dilemmas arising from the utilization of CRISPR in reproductive medicine, coupled with stringent oversight to guarantee responsible application. The potential of CRISPR technology in reproductive medicine is undeniable, as it holds the capability to target and modify genes associated with genetic disorders that impact fertility. This precision editing could enhance the outcomes of fertility therapies and enable individuals to conceive without passing on hereditary conditions to their offspring. However, the ethical dimensions of using CRISPR for human germline editing require careful consideration.
The prospect of selecting specific traits in offspring, often referred to as 'designer babies', raises concerns about the commodification of children and the reinforcement of societal inequalities. Given these complexities, ethical frameworks need to be established to guide the responsible use of CRISPR in reproductive medicine. Robust regulatory measures and transparent oversight mechanisms are essential to prevent potential misuse or unintended consequences. International collaborations and interdisciplinary dialogues are crucial to develop universally accepted standards that balance the potential benefits with the ethical implications.
This approach aims to ensure that the integration of CRISPR technology in reproductive medicine remains a tool for positive healthcare outcomes while avoiding unethical practices and safeguarding individual autonomy and dignity.
Reproductive healthcare stands as a fundamental component of women's health and rights, and the landscape is poised for transformative shifts through technological progress. The intricate tapestry of reproductive rights and healthcare is undergoing profound evolution, triggering substantial ethical and security considerations that warrant thorough exploration.
Gene editing, a breakthrough empowering scientists to modify genetic sequences to eliminate hereditary ailments or bolster specific traits, emerges as a cornerstone advancement within reproductive science. The ethical dimension of manipulating the genetic blueprint of an embryo introduces profound contemplations about the morality inherent in such practices. Despite its potential to mitigate inherited disorders and augment quality of life, the act of altering an embryo's genetic composition is not without its ethical quandaries. The possibility of inadvertently introducing adverse consequences that impact future generations further underscores the necessity for judicious deliberation.
Critically, the oversight and regulation of gene editing technology demand meticulous attention. The balance between harnessing the potential benefits and safeguarding against unintended outcomes hinges on establishing robust ethical frameworks and comprehensive safety protocols. Collaborative endeavors on a global scale are indispensable, entailing interdisciplinary dialogues among scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public. A precedent set by a framework like the Asilomar Guidelines for Recombinant DNA Research in the 1970s[9] could serve as an example of how a responsible approach to technological advancement can be crafted.
This proactive approach is essential to circumvent hasty or ill-considered applications of gene editing in reproductive healthcare. By fostering a landscape of transparency, careful consideration, and thorough risk assessment, the ethical, safety, and societal implications can be meticulously addressed. In essence, while technological advancements promise revolutionary outcomes, responsible implementation is paramount to ensure that reproductive rights, health, and ethical values remain harmonized within this rapidly evolving landscape.
Moreover, particularly for marginalized communities or individuals dwelling in isolated regions, these state-of-the-art reproductive technologies are amplifying the availability of reproductive healthcare services. Notably, telemedicine is poised to provide remote consultations and prescribe medications, effectively dismantling barriers for women situated in rural or geographically distant locales, thus ensuring equitable access to reproductive healthcare. Furthermore, women can effortlessly tap into contraceptive guidance and prompts through mobile health innovations, such as smartphone applications.
The integration of telemedicine and digital health tools[10] into reproductive healthcare has garnered attention as a means to bridge geographical disparities and extend healthcare access. Remote consultations conducted through video calls or messaging platforms enable healthcare professionals to reach patients in underserved areas, enhancing their ability to provide guidance, counseling, and even prescriptions. This approach is particularly valuable for women who might otherwise struggle to access specialized reproductive healthcare due to distance and lack of medical facilities nearby.
Similarly, mobile health applications are playing a pivotal role in disseminating crucial reproductive information and empowering women to take charge of their reproductive health. Contraceptive reminders, menstrual tracking, fertility predictions, and educational resources are easily accessible through smartphone apps. This digital approach not only empowers women with knowledge but also facilitates proactive engagement with their reproductive health management.
As we embrace the digital era, it's important to recognize that while these technologies offer significant potential, they must be implemented thoughtfully to ensure that they truly serve all communities, including underserved ones. Proper infrastructure, digital literacy, and considerations for privacy and data security are essential components in harnessing the power of technology to enhance reproductive healthcare access for all women, regardless of their geographic location or socioeconomic status.
Vigilant scrutiny of the legal and ethical implications of these advancements is imperative, particularly in the context of apprehensions surrounding informed agreement, confidentiality, and fairness in the availability of these innovations. A comprehensive understanding of both the merits and hazards of contemporary technologies is vital, and the safeguarding of individuals' personal space remains of utmost importance. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure that these technologies are universally accessible, transcending societal strata and geographical confines.
Concurrently, it becomes imperative to consider the potential impact of novel reproductive technologies on the rights pertaining to women's reproduction. The bedrock principles of human rights, encompassing bodily and reproductive self-governance, must be held sacrosanct. These innovative tools should be harnessed to embolden women, amplifying the positive outcomes of their reproductive well-being, rather than being deployed as mechanisms to curtail or direct their choices.
The advent of artificial uteri might engender ethical inquiries while furnishing alternative avenues for gestation that diverge from conventional pregnancy norms. This innovation could potentially furnish an avenue for gestational surrogacy devoid of necessitating another woman's corporeal involvement in carrying the pregnancy. The emergence of artificial gestation technology holds the potential to emancipate women by unshackling them from the physical and emotional encumbrances of pregnancy, all while averting the transfer of these hazards onto other women. This groundbreaking approach could empower women to partake in motherhood without being exposed to the inherent perils associated with a customary pregnancy.
Apprehensions that artificial uteri might become a privilege of the affluent could overshadow the potential advantages they offer women, such as emancipation from the perils and obligations of pregnancy. Analogous to the prevailing scenario with costly neonatal and infertility treatments, the unequal availability of reproductive technology might amplify prevailing hierarchies rooted in both gender and socioeconomic status.
This incongruity in access could potentially fortify prevailing societal divisions, exacerbating the existing disparities associated with gender and class. The societal demarcation of maternal responsibilities into spheres of spiritual and quotidian domains allows women of higher social standing to pursue professional endeavors outside the home while delegating the practical childcare duties to women occupying lower rungs of society. This compartmentalization could pave a pathway for women of elevated status to assume roles historically reserved for men, without necessarily unsettling the established norms regarding gender roles.
There exists a perspective positing that the fetus would fare more favorably within an artificially engineered maternal environment, thus shielding it from the potential detriments associated with the mother's adverse habits and dietary choices. Nonetheless, this contention is rooted in a societal stereotype concerning pregnant women, a notion that has encountered vehement criticism from legal scholars in the feminist domain.
Furthermore, proponents of artificial uteri contend that these technologies could offer an alternative to abortion, enabling women to terminate pregnancies they deem undesirable without undergoing the physical and emotional distress that accompanies abortion procedures. However, this assertion frequently becomes intertwined with endeavors to proscribe abortion, entailing the compulsory extraction of embryos and fetuses from women's bodies for the purpose of artificial gestation. This interconnected argument often raises ethical and reproductive rights concerns within the discourse surrounding women's autonomy over their bodies and reproductive decisions.
As we venture ahead into the realm of reproductive technology, a realm brimming with exciting possibilities and intricate challenges, we find ourselves standing at the precipice of innovation. The horizons of gene editing, artificial uteri, and fertility treatments beckon, holding the potential to reshape the landscape of reproductive healthcare and augment women's agency in this domain. However, intertwined with these prospects, we also confront significant hurdles that demand our attention.
In particular, accessibility and equity emerge as crucial junctures where these cutting-edge technologies provoke profound ethical and societal considerations. As we traverse this terrain, it becomes imperative for policymakers, healthcare practitioners, scientific experts, and the communities directly impacted to foster collaborative and transparent dialogue. This collective effort is indispensable to ensure the conscientious and impartial utilization of these advancements.
In this journey forward, we find ourselves compelled to place paramount importance on preserving reproductive rights and propelling the cause of social equity. These imperatives coexist harmoniously with our enthusiasm for scientific progress, reinforcing the notion that ethical, just, and inclusive practices must underpin each stride we take into this transformative arena.
End-Notes:
The marvel of nature has bestowed upon women the incredible capacity to bring forth life, a gift cherished by every woman as an embodiment of motherhood expertise. Nevertheless, certain women find themselves thwarted by medical conditions, rendering them unable to conceive and bear children. Numerous couples, who share an ardent longing to embrace parenthood, find solace in exploring a myriad of possibilities.
Childless couples, driven by an earnest yearning to nurture their own progeny, are spurred to delve into diverse avenues such as Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART),[1] Intra-Uterine Injections (IUI)[2], In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)[3], and other innovative approaches. These technologies, rooted in scientific advancement, stand as beacons of hope for those aspiring to realize their dreams of motherhood, offering an alternative pathway to experience the profound journey of nurturing and raising a child.
The emergence of artificial uteruses, facilitating the external development of a fetus, stands as a promising stride in technology. While this innovation holds potential to assist women incapable of conventional pregnancy or those with high-risk pregnancies, it concurrently stirs ethical and moral deliberations.
Concerns include apprehensions surrounding the psychological consequences of nurturing a fetus within an artificial womb, potentially impacting embryonic maturation and the emotional bond between mother and child. Moreover, it remains imperative to ensure that this technological advancement does not supplant natural gestation or become a tool for exerting control over women's reproductive agency.
Establishment for Societal Research Advancement (ESRA)[4] The Indian Department of Health and Family Welfare, operating under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, has inaugurated and executed National Guidelines for Certification, Oversight, and Monitoring of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Clinics across India in 2005. This initiative forms an integral facet of its regulatory framework concerning surrogacy arrangements.
The objective of these guidelines is to ensure the protection of the rights and interests of not only the surrogate mother and the child but also the individuals seeking parenthood through surrogacy. Presently, there are no explicit legislative provisions solely dedicated to surrogacy regulations.
Within the legislative domain, India's legislators have endorsed two distinct acts aimed at addressing these matters. The first pertains to the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act[5], which endeavors to establish norms and controls in the domain of assisted reproductive technology. The second is the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act,[6] which focuses on enacting regulations and norms to govern the practice of surrogacy in the country.
These legislative measures underscore the nation's commitment to ensure ethical practices, safeguard the interests of all stakeholders, and regulate the burgeoning landscape of assisted reproductive technology and surrogacy.
The instance of Baby Manjhi Yamada v. Union of India presented a pivotal moment in 2008 when the Supreme Court (SC) brought forth a pronounced necessity for structured legislation and oversight concerning surrogacy. Another significant legal case, Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration (2009), unveiled that Article 21 of the Constitution safeguards women's entitlements in relation to their reproductive choices, alongside a spectrum of other rights.
This encompasses the right to uphold their dignity and privacy, the prerogative to progress with a pregnancy to its full term of nine months, and the freedom to engage in childbirth. This ruling contributes to a holistic perspective on women's reproductive autonomy, accentuating the multifaceted layers of rights and liberties enshrined within the constitutional framework.
It's worth noting that discussions surrounding artificial wombs often encompass considerations about medical and ethical nuances. The technology's potential to provide safer alternatives for women with medical complications, or those seeking reproductive options beyond traditional methods, underscores its significance.
Ethical evaluations must weigh the benefits against the potential risks and moral implications, particularly concerning the psychological and emotional aspects of pregnancy outside the human body. As society navigates this technological frontier, careful considerations and safeguards are essential to protect women's reproductive rights and ensure that such innovations remain empowering rather than coercive.
A promising avenue in fertility treatment advancement involves the integration of CRISPR technology[7] within reproductive medicine. Nonetheless, this innovation brings to the forefront concerns related to safety and ethical implications, particularly in the context of potentially creating 'designer babies'[8].
It remains paramount to ensure comprehensive resolution of the ethical dilemmas arising from the utilization of CRISPR in reproductive medicine, coupled with stringent oversight to guarantee responsible application. The potential of CRISPR technology in reproductive medicine is undeniable, as it holds the capability to target and modify genes associated with genetic disorders that impact fertility. This precision editing could enhance the outcomes of fertility therapies and enable individuals to conceive without passing on hereditary conditions to their offspring. However, the ethical dimensions of using CRISPR for human germline editing require careful consideration.
The prospect of selecting specific traits in offspring, often referred to as 'designer babies', raises concerns about the commodification of children and the reinforcement of societal inequalities. Given these complexities, ethical frameworks need to be established to guide the responsible use of CRISPR in reproductive medicine. Robust regulatory measures and transparent oversight mechanisms are essential to prevent potential misuse or unintended consequences. International collaborations and interdisciplinary dialogues are crucial to develop universally accepted standards that balance the potential benefits with the ethical implications.
This approach aims to ensure that the integration of CRISPR technology in reproductive medicine remains a tool for positive healthcare outcomes while avoiding unethical practices and safeguarding individual autonomy and dignity.
Reproductive healthcare stands as a fundamental component of women's health and rights, and the landscape is poised for transformative shifts through technological progress. The intricate tapestry of reproductive rights and healthcare is undergoing profound evolution, triggering substantial ethical and security considerations that warrant thorough exploration.
Gene editing, a breakthrough empowering scientists to modify genetic sequences to eliminate hereditary ailments or bolster specific traits, emerges as a cornerstone advancement within reproductive science. The ethical dimension of manipulating the genetic blueprint of an embryo introduces profound contemplations about the morality inherent in such practices. Despite its potential to mitigate inherited disorders and augment quality of life, the act of altering an embryo's genetic composition is not without its ethical quandaries. The possibility of inadvertently introducing adverse consequences that impact future generations further underscores the necessity for judicious deliberation.
Critically, the oversight and regulation of gene editing technology demand meticulous attention. The balance between harnessing the potential benefits and safeguarding against unintended outcomes hinges on establishing robust ethical frameworks and comprehensive safety protocols. Collaborative endeavors on a global scale are indispensable, entailing interdisciplinary dialogues among scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public. A precedent set by a framework like the Asilomar Guidelines for Recombinant DNA Research in the 1970s[9] could serve as an example of how a responsible approach to technological advancement can be crafted.
This proactive approach is essential to circumvent hasty or ill-considered applications of gene editing in reproductive healthcare. By fostering a landscape of transparency, careful consideration, and thorough risk assessment, the ethical, safety, and societal implications can be meticulously addressed. In essence, while technological advancements promise revolutionary outcomes, responsible implementation is paramount to ensure that reproductive rights, health, and ethical values remain harmonized within this rapidly evolving landscape.
Moreover, particularly for marginalized communities or individuals dwelling in isolated regions, these state-of-the-art reproductive technologies are amplifying the availability of reproductive healthcare services. Notably, telemedicine is poised to provide remote consultations and prescribe medications, effectively dismantling barriers for women situated in rural or geographically distant locales, thus ensuring equitable access to reproductive healthcare. Furthermore, women can effortlessly tap into contraceptive guidance and prompts through mobile health innovations, such as smartphone applications.
The integration of telemedicine and digital health tools[10] into reproductive healthcare has garnered attention as a means to bridge geographical disparities and extend healthcare access. Remote consultations conducted through video calls or messaging platforms enable healthcare professionals to reach patients in underserved areas, enhancing their ability to provide guidance, counseling, and even prescriptions. This approach is particularly valuable for women who might otherwise struggle to access specialized reproductive healthcare due to distance and lack of medical facilities nearby.
Similarly, mobile health applications are playing a pivotal role in disseminating crucial reproductive information and empowering women to take charge of their reproductive health. Contraceptive reminders, menstrual tracking, fertility predictions, and educational resources are easily accessible through smartphone apps. This digital approach not only empowers women with knowledge but also facilitates proactive engagement with their reproductive health management.
As we embrace the digital era, it's important to recognize that while these technologies offer significant potential, they must be implemented thoughtfully to ensure that they truly serve all communities, including underserved ones. Proper infrastructure, digital literacy, and considerations for privacy and data security are essential components in harnessing the power of technology to enhance reproductive healthcare access for all women, regardless of their geographic location or socioeconomic status.
Vigilant scrutiny of the legal and ethical implications of these advancements is imperative, particularly in the context of apprehensions surrounding informed agreement, confidentiality, and fairness in the availability of these innovations. A comprehensive understanding of both the merits and hazards of contemporary technologies is vital, and the safeguarding of individuals' personal space remains of utmost importance. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure that these technologies are universally accessible, transcending societal strata and geographical confines.
Concurrently, it becomes imperative to consider the potential impact of novel reproductive technologies on the rights pertaining to women's reproduction. The bedrock principles of human rights, encompassing bodily and reproductive self-governance, must be held sacrosanct. These innovative tools should be harnessed to embolden women, amplifying the positive outcomes of their reproductive well-being, rather than being deployed as mechanisms to curtail or direct their choices.
The advent of artificial uteri might engender ethical inquiries while furnishing alternative avenues for gestation that diverge from conventional pregnancy norms. This innovation could potentially furnish an avenue for gestational surrogacy devoid of necessitating another woman's corporeal involvement in carrying the pregnancy. The emergence of artificial gestation technology holds the potential to emancipate women by unshackling them from the physical and emotional encumbrances of pregnancy, all while averting the transfer of these hazards onto other women. This groundbreaking approach could empower women to partake in motherhood without being exposed to the inherent perils associated with a customary pregnancy.
Apprehensions that artificial uteri might become a privilege of the affluent could overshadow the potential advantages they offer women, such as emancipation from the perils and obligations of pregnancy. Analogous to the prevailing scenario with costly neonatal and infertility treatments, the unequal availability of reproductive technology might amplify prevailing hierarchies rooted in both gender and socioeconomic status.
This incongruity in access could potentially fortify prevailing societal divisions, exacerbating the existing disparities associated with gender and class. The societal demarcation of maternal responsibilities into spheres of spiritual and quotidian domains allows women of higher social standing to pursue professional endeavors outside the home while delegating the practical childcare duties to women occupying lower rungs of society. This compartmentalization could pave a pathway for women of elevated status to assume roles historically reserved for men, without necessarily unsettling the established norms regarding gender roles.
There exists a perspective positing that the fetus would fare more favorably within an artificially engineered maternal environment, thus shielding it from the potential detriments associated with the mother's adverse habits and dietary choices. Nonetheless, this contention is rooted in a societal stereotype concerning pregnant women, a notion that has encountered vehement criticism from legal scholars in the feminist domain.
Furthermore, proponents of artificial uteri contend that these technologies could offer an alternative to abortion, enabling women to terminate pregnancies they deem undesirable without undergoing the physical and emotional distress that accompanies abortion procedures. However, this assertion frequently becomes intertwined with endeavors to proscribe abortion, entailing the compulsory extraction of embryos and fetuses from women's bodies for the purpose of artificial gestation. This interconnected argument often raises ethical and reproductive rights concerns within the discourse surrounding women's autonomy over their bodies and reproductive decisions.
As we venture ahead into the realm of reproductive technology, a realm brimming with exciting possibilities and intricate challenges, we find ourselves standing at the precipice of innovation. The horizons of gene editing, artificial uteri, and fertility treatments beckon, holding the potential to reshape the landscape of reproductive healthcare and augment women's agency in this domain. However, intertwined with these prospects, we also confront significant hurdles that demand our attention.
In particular, accessibility and equity emerge as crucial junctures where these cutting-edge technologies provoke profound ethical and societal considerations. As we traverse this terrain, it becomes imperative for policymakers, healthcare practitioners, scientific experts, and the communities directly impacted to foster collaborative and transparent dialogue. This collective effort is indispensable to ensure the conscientious and impartial utilization of these advancements.
In this journey forward, we find ourselves compelled to place paramount importance on preserving reproductive rights and propelling the cause of social equity. These imperatives coexist harmoniously with our enthusiasm for scientific progress, reinforcing the notion that ethical, just, and inclusive practices must underpin each stride we take into this transformative arena.
End-Notes:
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576409/
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/intrauterine-insemination/
- https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.
- https://closer.ac.uk/event/esra-2023-conference/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10112746/
- https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/17046?locale=en
- https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/genomicresearch/genomeediting/
- https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-new-era-of-designer-babies-may-be-based-on-overhyped-science/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234217/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8590973/
Award Winning Article Is Written By: Ms.PVS Sailaja, Assistant Professor Dr.Br Ambedkar Law College
Authentication No: AG360741170159-29-0823
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