Assessment of Fundamental Principles of Natural Justice
The principle of natural justice is a fundamental concept in the legal system
that seeks to ensure fairness and impartiality in judicial proceedings. This
research paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principle of
natural justice and its significance in the modern legal system.
The paper begins with an introduction to the principle of natural justice and its historical development. It then examines the different types of natural justice, namely procedural and substantive justice, and their practical implications in various legal contexts. The paper also discusses the key principles of natural justice, including the right to be heard, the right to a fair and impartial tribunal, and the right to reasons for decisions.
Furthermore, the paper analyses the application of natural justice in different areas of law, such as administrative law, criminal law, and international law. Through a critical analysis of relevant case law and scholarly literature, the paper argues that the principle of natural justice is a cornerstone of a just and equitable legal system and must be safeguarded and upheld at all times. The paper concludes by proposing recommendations for further research and reforms to strengthen the application of natural justice in the legal system.
Introduction
The principle of natural justice is a fundamental concept that lies at the heart of modern legal systems. This principle is based on the idea that all individuals are entitled to basic rights, including the right to a fair and impartial hearing, the right to be heard, and the right to have decisions affecting their rights and freedoms made in an unbiased manner.
The principle of natural justice is particularly important in administrative law, where government agencies and other public bodies make decisions that affect the rights and interests of citizens. In such cases, the principle of natural justice requires that decision-makers act fairly, impartially, and in accordance with established rules and procedures.
The principle of natural justice has a long and rich history, and it has been enshrined in various international conventions and treaties. This principle is essential to the maintenance of a just and fair legal system, and it has been used to challenge a wide range of human rights abuses around the world.
Despite its importance, the principle of natural justice is not always easy to apply in practice. There are many situations in which it may be difficult to determine whether a decision-maker has acted fairly or impartially, and there are often competing interests and priorities that must be considered.
This paper will explore the principle of natural justice in depth, examining its history, its application in various legal systems, and the challenges associated with its implementation. Through this exploration, we will gain a deeper understanding of the vital role that the principle of natural justice plays in shaping the future of law and justice.
Tracing the Evolution of Natural Justice
The principle of natural justice has a long and rich history that can be traced back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Greece, for example, the concept of natural law was developed, which held that certain laws and principles were inherent in the nature of things and were applicable to all human beings. Similarly, in ancient Rome, the concept of natural law was developed, which held that the law should be based on reason and natural justice.
During the Middle Ages, the concept of natural justice continued to develop, with scholars such as Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham making significant contributions to its development. These scholars argued that natural justice was based on the principles of reason, morality, and the common good, and that it was applicable to all human beings.
During the Renaissance, the concept of natural justice became even more important, as humanist scholars such as Erasmus and Thomas More argued that the law should be based on reason and justice, rather than on the arbitrary whims of rulers and monarchs.
In the modern era, the principle of natural justice has been enshrined in various international conventions and treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[1] and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[2]. These documents recognize the importance of natural justice in ensuring that all individuals are treated fairly and justly, and they have been used to challenge a wide range of human rights abuses around the world.
Today, the principle of natural justice remains a vital element of modern legal systems, and it continues to play a critical role in shaping the future of law and justice.
The Application of the Principle
The principle of natural justice is a fundamental concept that is widely applied in various legal systems around the world. The principle requires that all individuals who are subject to a legal proceeding are entitled to certain basic rights, including the right to a fair and impartial hearing, the right to be heard, and the right to have the decision-maker act in good faith.
In common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the principle of natural justice is enshrined in various laws and regulations. For example, in Canada, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair hearing, and this right has been interpreted by courts to require compliance with the principles of natural justice. Similarly, in Australia, the principle of natural justice is recognized in the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act, which sets out the procedures that must be followed in administrative decision-making.
In civil law countries such as France and Germany, the principle of natural justice is also recognized, although it may be expressed in different ways. For example, in France, the principle of "equality before the law" is recognized, which is similar to the principle of natural justice. Similarly, in Germany, the principle of "fairness" is recognized, which requires that all parties be treated fairly and impartially.
In international law, the principle of natural justice is recognized in various human rights conventions and treaties. For example, Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[3] guarantees the right to a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal. Similarly, Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[4] guarantees the right to a fair and public hearing, and the right to be heard by an impartial tribunal.
Overall, the principle of natural justice is a fundamental concept that is widely recognized and applied in various legal systems around the world. While the precise expression of this principle may vary, the underlying principle remains the same: all individuals are entitled to basic rights and protections when they are subject to a legal proceeding, and decision-makers must act in accordance with the principles of fairness, impartiality, and good faith.
Challenges in Implementing the Principle
The implementation of the principle of natural justice in the legal system is not always straightforward, and there are several challenges that can arise.
Some of the key challenges associated with implementing the principle of natural justice include:
Statutory provisions that incorporate the Principle
The Constitution of India:
The Constitution of India guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the principles of natural justice. Article 14 of the Constitution also guarantees the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws, which is another important aspect of natural justice.
The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985:
The Administrative Tribunals Act[5] provides for the establishment of administrative tribunals to adjudicate disputes related to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or any state. Section 14 of the Act mandates that the principles of natural justice must be followed in the proceedings before the tribunals.
The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908:
The Code of Civil Procedure provides for the rules of procedure to be followed in civil cases in India. Order 41 Rule 27[6] of the Code of Civil Procedure requires that an appellate court must give notice to the other party and provide an opportunity to be heard before deciding an appeal.
The Income Tax Act, 1961:
Section 129 of the Income Tax Act provides for the opportunity to be heard before an order of assessment or reassessment is passed. The section requires that a notice be issued to the taxpayer and an opportunity be given to present his case.
The Right to Information Act, 2005:
The Right to Information Act provides for access to information held by public authorities. The Act requires that decisions made under the Act be made in accordance with the principles of natural justice.
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019:
The Consumer Protection Act provides for the protection of consumer rights. The Act requires that disputes be resolved in accordance with the principles of natural justice.
These are just a few examples of the statutory provisions that incorporate the principles of natural justice in India. The principles of natural justice are an essential component of the rule of law, and they play an important role in ensuring fairness and transparency in administrative decision-making.
Some landmark Case Laws
The principles of natural justice are an important component of administrative law in many countries, including India. Here are a few examples of case law in India where the principles of natural justice were invoked:
The case Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India[7] dealt with the right to travel abroad, and the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice, including the right to be heard and the right to a fair procedure, were inherent in the right to personal liberty guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.
In the case A.K. Kraipak v. Union of India[8] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice, including the right to a fair hearing and the right to an impartial decision-maker, were essential components of administrative law in India. The court also held that the rule against bias was a fundamental aspect of natural justice.
In the case Union of India v. Tulsiram Patel[9] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice required that an accused person be given an opportunity to defend himself and to cross-examine witnesses against him. The court also held that a decision that violated the principles of natural justice would be invalid and could be set aside by a court of law.
In the case State of Orissa v. Dr. (Miss) Binapani Dei[10] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice required that a person be given an opportunity to present his case before a decision was made that affected his rights. The court also held that the right to be heard was not a mere formality, but a fundamental right that was essential to the rule of law.
In the case Suresh Koshy George v. University of Kerala[11] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice require that a person be given a reasonable opportunity to present their case and make their arguments.
These cases illustrate the importance of the principles of natural justice in administrative law, and the role of the courts in ensuring that these principles are upheld. The principles of natural justice are essential for ensuring fairness and transparency in administrative decision-making, and for protecting the rights of citizens.
Opinion regarding the Principle
The principles of natural justice have been subject to various interpretations and opinions from jurists and scholars. Some jurists and scholars view the principles of natural justice as fundamental to the rule of law and a key component of a fair and just legal system. Others have criticized the principles of natural justice as being overly vague and subjective, and difficult to apply in practice.
One perspective is that the principles of natural justice are essential for ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and impartially in legal proceedings. According to this view, the principles of natural justice are based on universal principles of fairness, equity, and impartiality, and are essential to upholding the rule of law. Supporters of this view argue that the principles of natural justice provide essential safeguards against arbitrary or unfair decisions by those in power.
On the other hand, some critics argue that the principles of natural justice are too vague and subjective to be useful in practice. According to this view, the principles of natural justice are difficult to apply consistently and can be subject to widely differing interpretations. Critics also argue that the principles of natural justice can be used to justify excessive delays and procedural complexities in legal proceedings, leading to inefficiencies and increased costs.
Overall, while there may be differing opinions and interpretations about the principles of natural justice, it is generally recognized that they play an important role in ensuring that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the principle of natural justice is an important aspect of the legal system and is designed to ensure that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity. The principle of natural justice is based on universal principles of fairness, equity, and impartiality, and is essential to upholding the rule of law.
The historical development of the principle of natural justice demonstrates that it has been a central aspect of legal systems throughout history and has been recognized as essential to ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and impartially. While there have been different interpretations of the principles of natural justice over time, it is clear that they continue to play an important role in modern legal systems.
The application of the principle of natural justice in various legal systems, including in India, has demonstrated both the benefits and challenges of implementing these principles in practice. While there have been some successes in implementing the principles of natural justice, there have also been challenges, such as delays, inefficiencies, and inconsistencies in the application of these principles. However, despite these challenges, it is generally recognized that the principles of natural justice are essential to ensuring that legal proceedings are fair, just, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
Statutory provisions in India that incorporate the principles of natural justice demonstrate the importance of these principles in modern legal systems. These provisions provide legal protections to individuals and ensure that they are treated fairly and impartially in legal proceedings. However, it is important to ensure that these provisions are implemented effectively in practice, and that individuals are able to exercise their rights and access justice in a timely and effective manner.
Finally, the different opinions and interpretations of the principles of natural justice among jurists and scholars demonstrate the ongoing debate and discussion around this topic. While there may be differing opinions and interpretations about the principles of natural justice, it is clear that they play an important role in ensuring that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
Overall, the principle of natural justice is a key component of the legal system and is essential to upholding the rule of law and ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and impartially in legal proceedings. While there may be challenges associated with implementing these principles in practice, it is important to continue to strive towards a legal system that is fair, just, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
End-Notes:
The paper begins with an introduction to the principle of natural justice and its historical development. It then examines the different types of natural justice, namely procedural and substantive justice, and their practical implications in various legal contexts. The paper also discusses the key principles of natural justice, including the right to be heard, the right to a fair and impartial tribunal, and the right to reasons for decisions.
Furthermore, the paper analyses the application of natural justice in different areas of law, such as administrative law, criminal law, and international law. Through a critical analysis of relevant case law and scholarly literature, the paper argues that the principle of natural justice is a cornerstone of a just and equitable legal system and must be safeguarded and upheld at all times. The paper concludes by proposing recommendations for further research and reforms to strengthen the application of natural justice in the legal system.
Introduction
The principle of natural justice is a fundamental concept that lies at the heart of modern legal systems. This principle is based on the idea that all individuals are entitled to basic rights, including the right to a fair and impartial hearing, the right to be heard, and the right to have decisions affecting their rights and freedoms made in an unbiased manner.
The principle of natural justice is particularly important in administrative law, where government agencies and other public bodies make decisions that affect the rights and interests of citizens. In such cases, the principle of natural justice requires that decision-makers act fairly, impartially, and in accordance with established rules and procedures.
The principle of natural justice has a long and rich history, and it has been enshrined in various international conventions and treaties. This principle is essential to the maintenance of a just and fair legal system, and it has been used to challenge a wide range of human rights abuses around the world.
Despite its importance, the principle of natural justice is not always easy to apply in practice. There are many situations in which it may be difficult to determine whether a decision-maker has acted fairly or impartially, and there are often competing interests and priorities that must be considered.
This paper will explore the principle of natural justice in depth, examining its history, its application in various legal systems, and the challenges associated with its implementation. Through this exploration, we will gain a deeper understanding of the vital role that the principle of natural justice plays in shaping the future of law and justice.
Tracing the Evolution of Natural Justice
The principle of natural justice has a long and rich history that can be traced back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Greece, for example, the concept of natural law was developed, which held that certain laws and principles were inherent in the nature of things and were applicable to all human beings. Similarly, in ancient Rome, the concept of natural law was developed, which held that the law should be based on reason and natural justice.
During the Middle Ages, the concept of natural justice continued to develop, with scholars such as Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham making significant contributions to its development. These scholars argued that natural justice was based on the principles of reason, morality, and the common good, and that it was applicable to all human beings.
During the Renaissance, the concept of natural justice became even more important, as humanist scholars such as Erasmus and Thomas More argued that the law should be based on reason and justice, rather than on the arbitrary whims of rulers and monarchs.
In the modern era, the principle of natural justice has been enshrined in various international conventions and treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[1] and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[2]. These documents recognize the importance of natural justice in ensuring that all individuals are treated fairly and justly, and they have been used to challenge a wide range of human rights abuses around the world.
Today, the principle of natural justice remains a vital element of modern legal systems, and it continues to play a critical role in shaping the future of law and justice.
The Application of the Principle
The principle of natural justice is a fundamental concept that is widely applied in various legal systems around the world. The principle requires that all individuals who are subject to a legal proceeding are entitled to certain basic rights, including the right to a fair and impartial hearing, the right to be heard, and the right to have the decision-maker act in good faith.
In common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the principle of natural justice is enshrined in various laws and regulations. For example, in Canada, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair hearing, and this right has been interpreted by courts to require compliance with the principles of natural justice. Similarly, in Australia, the principle of natural justice is recognized in the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act, which sets out the procedures that must be followed in administrative decision-making.
In civil law countries such as France and Germany, the principle of natural justice is also recognized, although it may be expressed in different ways. For example, in France, the principle of "equality before the law" is recognized, which is similar to the principle of natural justice. Similarly, in Germany, the principle of "fairness" is recognized, which requires that all parties be treated fairly and impartially.
In international law, the principle of natural justice is recognized in various human rights conventions and treaties. For example, Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[3] guarantees the right to a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal. Similarly, Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[4] guarantees the right to a fair and public hearing, and the right to be heard by an impartial tribunal.
Overall, the principle of natural justice is a fundamental concept that is widely recognized and applied in various legal systems around the world. While the precise expression of this principle may vary, the underlying principle remains the same: all individuals are entitled to basic rights and protections when they are subject to a legal proceeding, and decision-makers must act in accordance with the principles of fairness, impartiality, and good faith.
Challenges in Implementing the Principle
The implementation of the principle of natural justice in the legal system is not always straightforward, and there are several challenges that can arise.
Some of the key challenges associated with implementing the principle of natural justice include:
- Conflicting interests:
In some cases, the principle of natural justice can come into conflict with other interests, such as national security or public safety. For example, in cases involving terrorism or national security, there may be a need to limit the right to a fair hearing in order to protect the public.
- Interpretation:
The principle of natural justice is a broad concept that can be open to interpretation. This can make it difficult to apply consistently and can result in varying interpretations by different decision-makers.
- Procedural issues:
The principle of natural justice requires that certain procedural safeguards be in place, such as the right to be heard and the right to an impartial decision-maker. However, ensuring that these procedures are followed can be challenging, particularly in cases where there are resource constraints or administrative challenges.
- Cultural differences:
The concept of natural justice may not be recognized or valued in all cultures, which can create challenges when implementing the principle in cross-cultural contexts.
- Legal traditions:
Different legal systems have different traditions and approaches to implementing the principle of natural justice, which can create challenges when working across borders or in international contexts.
Statutory provisions that incorporate the Principle
The Constitution of India:
The Constitution of India guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the principles of natural justice. Article 14 of the Constitution also guarantees the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws, which is another important aspect of natural justice.
The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985:
The Administrative Tribunals Act[5] provides for the establishment of administrative tribunals to adjudicate disputes related to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or any state. Section 14 of the Act mandates that the principles of natural justice must be followed in the proceedings before the tribunals.
The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908:
The Code of Civil Procedure provides for the rules of procedure to be followed in civil cases in India. Order 41 Rule 27[6] of the Code of Civil Procedure requires that an appellate court must give notice to the other party and provide an opportunity to be heard before deciding an appeal.
The Income Tax Act, 1961:
Section 129 of the Income Tax Act provides for the opportunity to be heard before an order of assessment or reassessment is passed. The section requires that a notice be issued to the taxpayer and an opportunity be given to present his case.
The Right to Information Act, 2005:
The Right to Information Act provides for access to information held by public authorities. The Act requires that decisions made under the Act be made in accordance with the principles of natural justice.
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019:
The Consumer Protection Act provides for the protection of consumer rights. The Act requires that disputes be resolved in accordance with the principles of natural justice.
These are just a few examples of the statutory provisions that incorporate the principles of natural justice in India. The principles of natural justice are an essential component of the rule of law, and they play an important role in ensuring fairness and transparency in administrative decision-making.
Some landmark Case Laws
The principles of natural justice are an important component of administrative law in many countries, including India. Here are a few examples of case law in India where the principles of natural justice were invoked:
The case Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India[7] dealt with the right to travel abroad, and the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice, including the right to be heard and the right to a fair procedure, were inherent in the right to personal liberty guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.
In the case A.K. Kraipak v. Union of India[8] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice, including the right to a fair hearing and the right to an impartial decision-maker, were essential components of administrative law in India. The court also held that the rule against bias was a fundamental aspect of natural justice.
In the case Union of India v. Tulsiram Patel[9] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice required that an accused person be given an opportunity to defend himself and to cross-examine witnesses against him. The court also held that a decision that violated the principles of natural justice would be invalid and could be set aside by a court of law.
In the case State of Orissa v. Dr. (Miss) Binapani Dei[10] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice required that a person be given an opportunity to present his case before a decision was made that affected his rights. The court also held that the right to be heard was not a mere formality, but a fundamental right that was essential to the rule of law.
In the case Suresh Koshy George v. University of Kerala[11] the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice require that a person be given a reasonable opportunity to present their case and make their arguments.
These cases illustrate the importance of the principles of natural justice in administrative law, and the role of the courts in ensuring that these principles are upheld. The principles of natural justice are essential for ensuring fairness and transparency in administrative decision-making, and for protecting the rights of citizens.
Opinion regarding the Principle
The principles of natural justice have been subject to various interpretations and opinions from jurists and scholars. Some jurists and scholars view the principles of natural justice as fundamental to the rule of law and a key component of a fair and just legal system. Others have criticized the principles of natural justice as being overly vague and subjective, and difficult to apply in practice.
One perspective is that the principles of natural justice are essential for ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and impartially in legal proceedings. According to this view, the principles of natural justice are based on universal principles of fairness, equity, and impartiality, and are essential to upholding the rule of law. Supporters of this view argue that the principles of natural justice provide essential safeguards against arbitrary or unfair decisions by those in power.
On the other hand, some critics argue that the principles of natural justice are too vague and subjective to be useful in practice. According to this view, the principles of natural justice are difficult to apply consistently and can be subject to widely differing interpretations. Critics also argue that the principles of natural justice can be used to justify excessive delays and procedural complexities in legal proceedings, leading to inefficiencies and increased costs.
Overall, while there may be differing opinions and interpretations about the principles of natural justice, it is generally recognized that they play an important role in ensuring that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the principle of natural justice is an important aspect of the legal system and is designed to ensure that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity. The principle of natural justice is based on universal principles of fairness, equity, and impartiality, and is essential to upholding the rule of law.
The historical development of the principle of natural justice demonstrates that it has been a central aspect of legal systems throughout history and has been recognized as essential to ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and impartially. While there have been different interpretations of the principles of natural justice over time, it is clear that they continue to play an important role in modern legal systems.
The application of the principle of natural justice in various legal systems, including in India, has demonstrated both the benefits and challenges of implementing these principles in practice. While there have been some successes in implementing the principles of natural justice, there have also been challenges, such as delays, inefficiencies, and inconsistencies in the application of these principles. However, despite these challenges, it is generally recognized that the principles of natural justice are essential to ensuring that legal proceedings are fair, just, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
Statutory provisions in India that incorporate the principles of natural justice demonstrate the importance of these principles in modern legal systems. These provisions provide legal protections to individuals and ensure that they are treated fairly and impartially in legal proceedings. However, it is important to ensure that these provisions are implemented effectively in practice, and that individuals are able to exercise their rights and access justice in a timely and effective manner.
Finally, the different opinions and interpretations of the principles of natural justice among jurists and scholars demonstrate the ongoing debate and discussion around this topic. While there may be differing opinions and interpretations about the principles of natural justice, it is clear that they play an important role in ensuring that legal proceedings are fair, impartial, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
Overall, the principle of natural justice is a key component of the legal system and is essential to upholding the rule of law and ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and impartially in legal proceedings. While there may be challenges associated with implementing these principles in practice, it is important to continue to strive towards a legal system that is fair, just, and in accordance with basic principles of justice and equity.
End-Notes:
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1966
- Under Article 10 of UDHR, everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him
- Under Article 14, all individuals are entitled to equal treatment before the courts and tribunals, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or any other status.
- Its primary purpose is to establish specialized tribunals to handle disputes and grievances related to the recruitment, conditions of service, and other administrative matters of public servants
- Order 41 Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) allows the appellate court to receive additional evidence that was not produced before the lower court, subject to certain conditions.
- AIR 597, 1978 SCR (2) 621
- AIR 1970 SC A
- AIR 1416, 1985 SCR Supl. (2) 131
- AIR 1269, 1967 SCR (2) 625
- AIR 198, 1969 SCR (1) 317
Award Winning Article Is Written By: Mr.Siddhant Abhishek Jha, Amity University, Patna BBA LLB (8th Semester)
Authentication No: MR345440760024-29-0323
Law Article in India
Lawyers in India - Search By City
LawArticles
How To File For Mutual Divorce In Delhi
How To File For Mutual Divorce In Delhi Mutual Consent Divorce is the Simplest Way to Obtain a D...
Increased Age For Girls Marriage
It is hoped that the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021, which intends to inc...
Facade of Social Media
One may very easily get absorbed in the lives of others as one scrolls through a Facebook news ...
Section 482 CrPc - Quashing Of FIR: Guid...
The Inherent power under Section 482 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (37th Chapter of t...
The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India: A...
The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is a concept that proposes the unification of personal laws across...
Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Legal...
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing various sectors of the economy, and the legal i...
Please Drop Your Comments